MAgPIE - An Open Source land-use modeling framework

4.6.0

created with goxygen 1.3.1

Water demand (42_water_demand)

Description

The water demand module determines the water demand in the following sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, electricity, domestic and ecosystem. Different scenarios for different water demand and environmental flow protection are possible. The module receives information from the 17_production, 30_crop, 09_drivers and 43_water_availability modules. It passes information to the module 43_water_availability and 11_costs.

Interfaces

Interfaces to other modules

Input

module inputs (A: agr_sector_aug13 | B: all_sectors_aug13)
  Description Unit A B
fm_multicropping
(t_all, i)
Multicropping indicator as ratio of area harvested by physical area \(1\) x x
im_development_state
(t_all, i)
Development state according to the World Bank definition where 0=low income country 1=high income country in high income level \(1\) x x
im_gdp_pc_mer
(t_all, i)
Per capita income in market exchange rates \(USD_{05MER}/cap/yr\) x x
im_pop_iso
(t_all, iso)
Population \(10^6/yr\) x x
im_wat_avail
(t, wat_src, j)
Water availability \(10^6 m^3/yr\) x x
sm_fix_cc year until which all parameters affected by cc are fixed to historical values \(year\) x x
sm_fix_SSP2 year until which all parameters are fixed to SSP2 values \(year\) x x
vm_area
(j, kcr, w)
Agricultural production area \(10^6 ha\) x x
vm_prod
(j, k)
Production in each cell \(10^6 tDM/yr\) x x

Output

module outputs
  Description Unit
vm_watdem
(wat_dem, j)
Water demand from different sectors \(10^6 m^3/yr\)
vm_water_cost
(i)
Cost of irrigation water \(USD_{05MER}/m^3\)

Realizations

(A) agr_sector_aug13

This realization models agricultural sector water demand endogenously, while other sectors are kept exogenous; Various settings for environmental water demand described below.

Agricultural water demand:

Water demand for agriculture is endogenously calculated based on irrigated cropland vm_area(j,kcr,"irrigated") and livestock production vm_prod(j2,kli).

Irrigation water demand per area for each crop category and cluster is provided by the LPJmL model. This parameter refers to the water that has to be applied to the field, i.e. it includes losses due to evaporation on the field, but does not include losses during the water transport from source to field. Livestock water demand ic42_wat_req_k(j,kli) is derived from FAO data.

Irrigation efficiency:

Switches for different scenarios for irrigation efficiency can be chosen:

Irrigation efficiency evolution with GDP for the SSP2 scenario.

Non agricultural human water demand:

Water demand from all other sectors is treated exogenously. The scalar s42_reserved_fraction determines how much water is reserved for non agricultural purposes. Technically, it is assigned to industrial use, while demand for other non-agricultural sectors is set to 0. The default value is 0.5.

Environmental water demand

Environmental water requirements can be specified separately using the switch s42_env_flow_scenario. The following settings are available:

Whether a potential EFP policy takes effect is determined by the parameter f42_env_flow_policy.

\[\begin{multline*} vm\_watdem("agriculture",j2) \cdot v42\_irrig\_eff(j2) = \sum_{kcr}\left( vm\_area(j2,kcr,"irrigated") \cdot \sum_{cell(i2,j2),ct} fm\_multicropping(ct,i2) \cdot ic42\_wat\_req\_k(j2,kcr)\right) + \sum_{kli}\left( vm\_prod(j2,kli) \cdot ic42\_wat\_req\_k(j2,kli) \cdot v42\_irrig\_eff(j2)\right) \end{multline*}\]

\[\begin{multline*} vm\_water\_cost(i2) = \sum_{cell(i2,j2)} vm\_watdem("agriculture",j2) \cdot ic42\_pumping\_cost(i2) \end{multline*}\]

vm_watdem is composed by irrigation and livestock demand uses. The factor v42_irrig_eff corresponds to the amount of water that is used inefficiently in the irrigation process.

Limitations The module uses the “conveyance efficiency times management factor” for irrigation efficiency. Therefore, the management factor is accounted twice, since it is already considered in LPJmL water quantity used for irrigation (airrig: annual irrigation). Furthermore, the module realization does not consider annual water balances but only water balances during the growing period of crops. This period differs between cells.

(B) all_sectors_aug13

This realization models agricultural sector water demand endogenously, as described in the first realization, Manufacturing, electricity and domestic demand are explicitly accounted in various scenarios; Various settings (same as in previous realization) for environmental water demand described below.

Agricultural water demand:

Water demand for agriculture is endogenously calculated based on irrigated cropland vm_area(j,kcr,"irrigated") and livestock production vm_prod(j,kli).

Non agricultural human water demand:

For manufacturing, electricity and domestic demand, three scenarios of the WATERGAP model provided by Wada, Flörke, and Hanasaki (2016) are used:

Due to the fact that MAgPIE only considers available blue water during the growing period of the plants (43_water_availability), the fraction of this demand in the growing period is determined in the preprocessing assuming constant demand over the whole year. The matching of the WATERGAP scenarios to the MAgPIE scenarios can be found in the file scenario_config.csv in the config folder of model.

Environmental water demand:

Environmental water requirements can be specified separately using the switch s42_env_flow_scenario. The following settings are available:

\[\begin{multline*} vm\_watdem("agriculture",j2) \cdot v42\_irrig\_eff(j2) = \sum_{kcr}\left( vm\_area(j2,kcr,"irrigated") \cdot \sum_{cell(i2,j2),ct} fm\_multicropping(ct,i2) \cdot ic42\_wat\_req\_k(j2,kcr)\right) + \sum_{kli}\left( vm\_prod(j2,kli) \cdot ic42\_wat\_req\_k(j2,kli) \cdot v42\_irrig\_eff(j2)\right) \end{multline*}\]

\[\begin{multline*} vm\_water\_cost(i2) = \sum_{cell(i2,j2)} vm\_watdem("agriculture",j2) \cdot ic42\_pumping\_cost(i2) \end{multline*}\]

Agricultural water demand is composed by livestock water demand and demand for irrigation water withdrawals. The factor v42_irrig_eff accounts for irrigation efficiency.

Limitations The module uses the “conveyance efficiency times management factor” for irrigation efficiency. Therefore, the management factor is accounted twice, since it is already considered in LPJmL water quantity used for irrigation (airrig: annual irrigation). Furthermore, the module realization does not consider annual water balances but only water balances during the growing period of crops. This period differs between cells.

Definitions

Objects

module-internal objects (A: agr_sector_aug13 | B: all_sectors_aug13)
  Description Unit A B
f42_env_flow_policy
(t_all, scen42)
EFP policies \(1\) x x
f42_env_flows
(t_all, j)
Environmental flow requirements from LPJ and Smakhtin algorithm \(10^6 m^3\) x x
f42_pumping_cost
(t_all, i)
Cost of pumping irrigation water \(USD_{05MER}/m^3\) x x
f42_wat_req_kli
(kli)
Average water requirements of livestock commodities per region per tDM per year \(m^3\) x x
f42_wat_req_kve
(t_all, j, kve)
LPJmL annual water demand for irrigation per ha \(m^3/yr\) x x
f42_watdem_ineldo
(t_all, j, scen_watdem_nonagr, watdem_ineldo)
Manufacturing electricity and domestic water demand under different socioeconomic scenarios \(10^6 m^3\) x
i42_env_flow_policy
(t, i)
Determines whether environmental flow protection is enforced \(1\) x x
i42_env_flows
(t, j)
Environmental flow requirements if a protection policy is in place \(10^6 m^3\) x x
i42_env_flows_base
(t, j)
Environmental flow requirements if no protection policy is in place \(10^6 m^3\) x x
i42_wat_req_k
(t, j, k)
LPJmL annual water demand for irrigation per ha per year (m^3) + Livestock demand per ton \(m^3\) x x
ic42_env_flow_policy
(i)
Determines whether environmental flow protection is enforced in the current time step \(1\) x x
ic42_pumping_cost
(i)
Parameter to capture values for pumping costs in a particular time step \(USD_{05MER}/m^3\) x x
ic42_wat_req_k
(j, k)
LPJmL annual water demand for irrigation per ha per year (m^3) + Livestock demand per ton \(m^3\) x x
p42_country_dummy
(iso)
Dummy parameter indicating whether country is affected by EFP \(1\) x x
p42_EFP_region_shr
(t_all, i)
Weighted share of region with regards to EFP \(1\) x x
q42_water_cost
(i)
Total cost of pumping irrigation water \(USD_{05MER}/yr\) x x
q42_water_demand
(wat_dem, j)
Water withdrawals of different sectors \(10^6 m^3/yr\) x x
s42_env_flow_base_fraction Fraction of available water that is reserved for the environment where no EFP policy is implemented \(1\) x x
s42_env_flow_fraction Fraction of available water that is reserved for under protection policies \(1\) x x
s42_env_flow_scenario EFP scenario. \(1\) x x
s42_irrig_eff_scenario Scenario for irrigation efficiency \(1\) x x
s42_irrigation_efficiency Value of irrigation efficiency \(1\) x x
s42_multiplier multiplier to change pumping costs for sensitivity analysis takes numeric values \(1\) x x
s42_multiplier_startyear Year from which pumping costs multiplier will be implemented \(1\) x x
s42_pumping Switch to activate pumping cost settings \(1\) x x
s42_reserved_fraction Fraction of available water that is reserved for manufacturing electricity and domestic use \(1\) x
s42_watdem_nonagr_scenario Scenario for non agricultural water demand from WATERGAP \(1\) x
v42_irrig_eff
(j)
Irrigation efficiency \(1\) x x

Sets

sets in use
  description
cell(i, j) number of LPJ cells per region i
ct(t) Current time period
dev Economic development status
EFP_countries(iso) countries to be affected by EFP
i all economic regions
i_to_iso(i, iso) mapping regions to iso countries
i2(i) World regions (dynamic set)
iso list of iso countries
j number of LPJ cells
j2(j) Spatial Clusters (dynamic set)
k(kall) Primary products
kcr(kve) Cropping activities
kli(kap) Livestock products
kve(k) Land-use activities
scen_watdem_nonagr Scenarios for non agricultural water demand
scen42 Environmental Flow Policy (EFP)
scen42_to_dev(scen42, dev) Mapping between EFP and economic development status
t_all(t_ext) 5-year time periods
t(t_all) Simulated time periods
type GAMS variable attribute used for the output
w Water supply type
wat_dem Water demand sectors
wat_src Type of water source
watdem_exo(wat_dem) Exogenous water demands
watdem_ineldo(wat_dem) Exogenous water demand subset covering humanly induced demands

Authors

Anne Biewald, Markus Bonsch

See Also

09_drivers, 11_costs, 17_production, 18_residues, 30_crop, 42_water_demand, 43_water_availability

References

Rohwer, Janine, Dieter Gerten, and Wolfgang Lucht. 2007. “DEVELOPMENT of Functional Irrigation Types for Improved Global Crop Modelling.” Potsdam: PIK.

Siebert, Stefan, Petra Döll, Sebastian Feick, Jippe Hoogeveen, and Karen Frenken. 2007. “Global Map of Irrigation Areas Version 4.0.1.” Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/irrigationmap/index10.stm.

Smakhtin, V., C. Revenga, P. Döll, and et al. 2004. Taking into Account Environmental Water Requirements in Global-Scale Water Resources Assessments.

Wada, Y., M. Flörke, and N. et al. Hanasaki. 2016. “Modeling Global Water Use for the 21st Century: The Water Futures and Solutions (Wfas) Initiative and Its Approaches.” Geosci. Model Dev. 9: 175–222.