Industry (37_industry)
Description
This module models final energy use in the industry sector and its subsectors, as well as the emissions generated by them.
Interfaces
Input
| Description | Unit | A | B | C | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cm_CCS_cement | CCS for cement sub-sector | x | x | x | |
| cm_CCS_chemicals | CCS for chemicals sub-sector | x | |||
| cm_CCS_steel | CCS for steel sub-sector | x | |||
| cm_IndCCSscen | CCS for Industry | x | x | x | |
| cm_optimisticMAC | assume optimistic Industry MAC from AR5 Ch. 10? | x | |||
| cm_startyear | first optimized modelling time step | \(year\) | x | x | |
| fm_dataemiglob (all_enty, all_enty, all_te, all_enty) |
read-in of emissions factors co2,cco2 | x | |||
| pm_CementAbatementPrice (ttot, all_regi) |
CO2 price used during calculation of cement demand reduction | \(\$/tCO2\) | x | x | |
| pm_CementDemandReductionCost (tall, all_regi) |
cost of reducing cement demand | \(tn\$2005\) | x | x | |
| pm_cesdata (tall, all_regi, all_in, cesParameter) |
parameters of the CES function | x | |||
| pm_cesdata_sigma (ttot, all_in) |
elasticities of substitution | x | x | ||
| pm_delta_kap (all_regi, all_in) |
Depreciation rate of capital. | x | |||
| pm_macAbat (tall, all_regi, all_enty, steps) |
abatement levels based on data from van Vuuren | \(fraction\) | x | ||
| pm_macAbatLev (tall, all_regi, all_enty) |
actual level of abatement per time step, region, and source | \(fraction\) | x | x | |
| pm_macCostSwitch (all_enty) |
switch to include mac costs in the code (e.g. in coupled scenarios, we want to include the costs in REMIND, but MAC effects on emissions are calculated in MAgPIE) | x | |||
| pm_macStep (tall, all_regi, all_enty) |
step number of abatement level | \(integer\) | x | ||
| pm_macSwitch (all_enty) |
switch to include mac option in the code | x | x | ||
| pm_ppfen_ratios (all_in, all_in) |
Limit ratio of two primary production factors of energy (ppfEn). | x | |||
| pm_ppfen_shares (all_in, all_in) |
Limit the share of one ppfEn in total CES nest inputs. | x | |||
| pm_priceCO2 (tall, all_regi) |
carbon price | \(\$/tC\) | x | x | |
| pm_ResidualCementDemand (tall, all_regi) |
reduction in cemend demand (and thus process emissions) due to climate policy | \(0...1\) | x | x | |
| pm_ttot_val (ttot) |
value of ttot set element | x | x | ||
| sm_dmac | step in MAC functions | \(US\$\) | x | ||
| sm_eps | small number: 1e-9 | x | |||
| sm_MtCH4_2_TWa | Energy content of methane. MtCH4 –> TWa: 1 MtCH4 = 1.23 * 10^6 toe * 42 GJ/toe * 10^-9 EJ/GJ * 1 TWa/31.536 EJ = 0.001638 TWa (BP statistical review) | x | |||
| sm_tmp | temporary scalar that can be used locally | x | |||
| vm_cesIO (tall, all_regi, all_in) |
Production factor | x | x | ||
| vm_effGr (ttot, all_regi, all_in) |
growth of factor efficiency | x | |||
| vm_emiMacSector (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
total non-energy-related emission of each region. | \(GtC, Mt CH4, Mt N\) | x | ||
| vm_macBase (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
baseline emissions for all emissions subject to MACCs (type emismac) | x | x |
Output
| Description | Unit | |
|---|---|---|
| pm_abatparam_Ind (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, steps) |
industry CCS MAC curves | \(ratio @ US\$2005\) |
| vm_emiIndCCS (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
industry CCS emissions | \(GtC/a\) |
| vm_IndCCSCost (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
industry CCS cost | |
| vm_macBaseInd (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, secInd37) |
industry CCS baseline emissions | \(GtC/a\) |
Realizations
(A) fixed_shares
The region-specific shares of final energy use in industry subsectors (cement, chemicals, and steel production, as well as all other industry production) are kept constant on the 2005 level. This potentially overestimates the potential for electrification and thus underestimates the emissions, especially from coal in the steel and cement sectors.
Subsector-specific MAC curves for CCS are applied to emissions calculated from energy use and emission factors.
The region-specific shares of final energy use in industry subsectors (cement, chemicals, and steel production, as well as all other industry production) are kept constant on the 2005 level. This potentially overestimates the potential for electrification and thus underestimates the emissions, especially from coal in the steel and cement sectors.
Subsector-specific MAC curves for CCS are applied to emissions calculated from energy use and emission factors.
Baseline (emitted and captured) emissions by final energy carrier and industry subsector are calculated from final energy use in industry, the subsectors’ shares in that final energy carriers use, and the emission factor the final energy carrier.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_macBaseInd(ttot,regi,entyFE,secInd37) = \sum_{fe2ppfEn(entyFE,in),ces\_industry\_dyn37("enhi",in)}\left( vm\_cesIO(ttot,regi,in) \cdot p37\_shIndFE(regi,in,secInd37) \right) \cdot p37\_fctEmi(entyFE) \end{multline*}\]
The maximum abatable emissions of a given type (industry subsector, fuel or process) are calculated from the baseline emissions and the possible abatement level (depending on the carbon price of the previous iteration).
\[\begin{multline*} v37\_emiIndCCSmax(ttot,regi,emiInd37) = \sum_{emiMac2mac(emiInd37,macInd37)}\left( \left( \sum_{secInd37\_2\_emiInd37(secInd37,emiInd37),entyFE}\left( vm\_macBaseInd(ttot,regi,entyFE,secInd37) \right)\$\left( NOT sameas(emiInd37,"co2cement\_process") \right) + \left( vm\_macBaseInd(ttot,regi,"co2cement\_process","cement") \right)\$ sameas(emiInd37,"co2cement\_process") \right) \cdot pm\_macSwitch(macInd37) \cdot pm\_macAbatLev(ttot,regi,macInd37) \right) \end{multline*}\]
Industry CCS is limited to below the maximum abatable emissions.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_emiIndCCS(ttot,regi,emiInd37) \leq v37\_emiIndCCSmax(ttot,regi,emiInd37) \end{multline*}\]
The CCS capture rates of cement fuel and process emissions are identical, as they are captured in the same installation.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_emiIndCCS(ttot,regi,"co2cement") \cdot v37\_emiIndCCSmax(ttot,regi,"co2cement\_process") = vm\_emiIndCCS(ttot,regi,"co2cement\_process") \cdot v37\_emiIndCCSmax(ttot,regi,"co2cement") \end{multline*}\]
Industry CCS costs (by subsector) are equal to the integral below the MAC cost curve. For the calculation, consider this figure: 
To make the calculations involving MAC curves leaner, they are discretised into 5 $/tC steps (parameter sm_dmac) and transformed into step-wise curves. The parameter pm_macStep holds the current step on the MAC curve the model is on (given the CO2 price of the last iteration), and pm_macAbat holds the abatement level (as a fraction) on that step. The emission abatement equals the area under the MAC curve (turqoise area in the figure). To calculate it, pm_macStep is multiplied by pm_macAbat (the horizontal and vertical lines enclosing the coloured rectangle in the
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_IndCCSCost(ttot,regi,emiInd37) = 1e-3 \cdot pm\_macSwitch(emiInd37) \cdot \left( \sum_{enty,secInd37\_2\_emiInd37(secInd37,emiInd37)}\left( vm\_macBaseInd(ttot,regi,enty,secInd37) \right)\$\left( NOT sameas(emiInd37,"co2cement\_process") \right) + \left( vm\_macBaseInd(ttot,regi,"co2cement\_process","cement") \right)\$ sameas(emiInd37,"co2cement\_process") \right) \cdot sm\_dmac \cdot \sum_{emiMac2mac(emiInd37,enty)}\left( \left( pm\_macStep(ttot,regi,emiInd37) \cdot \sum_{steps\$\left( ord(steps) eq pm\_macStep(ttot,regi,emiInd37) \right)}\left( pm\_macAbat(ttot,regi,enty,steps) \right) \right) - \sum_{steps\$\left( ord(steps) le pm\_macStep(ttot,regi,emiInd37) \right)}\left( pm\_macAbat(ttot,regi,enty,steps) \right) \right) \end{multline*}\]
The region-specific shares of final energy use in industry subsectors (cement, chemicals, and steel production, as well as all other industry production) are kept constant on the 2005 level. This potentially overestimates the potential for electrification and thus underestimates the emissions, especially from coal in the steel and cement sectors.
Subsector-specific MAC curves for CCS are applied to emissions calculated from energy use and emission factors.
Limitations There are no known limitations.
(B) off
This realisation does not differentiate between industry subsectors and does not allow for CCS in industry. CO2 emissions from industry fuel use are calculated based on final energy use and emission factors. CO2 process emissions from cement production are calculated based on an econometric relationship, described in Strefler (2014).
This realisation does not differentiate between industry subsectors and does not allow for CCS in industry. CO2 emissions from industry fuel use are calculated based on final energy use and emission factors. CO2 process emissions from cement production are calculated based on an econometric relationship, described in Strefler (2014).
Cement (clinker) production causes process CO2 emissions of about 0.5 t CO2 per tonne of clinker. As cement prices are of the magnitude of 100 US$/t, CO2 pricing (on the scale of 100–1000 US$/t) will lead to significant price markups and thus demand response.
This realisation does not differentiate between industry subsectors and does not allow for CCS in industry. CO2 emissions from industry fuel use are calculated based on final energy use and emission factors. CO2 process emissions from cement production are calculated based on an econometric relationship, described in Strefler (2014).
Limitations There are no known limitations.
(C) subsectors
Under development. Do not use.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_cesIO(ttot,regi,in) \cdot p37\_energy\_limit(out,in) \geq vm\_cesIO(ttot,regi,out) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} 9 \cdot vm\_cesIO(ttot,regi,"ue\_steel\_primary") \geq vm\_cesIO(ttot,regi,"ue\_steel\_secondary") \end{multline*}\]
Limitations There are no known limitations.
Definitions
Objects
| Description | Unit | A | B | C | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| o37_cementProcessEmissions (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
cement process emissions | \(GtC/a\) | x | x | |
| o37_CESderivatives (ttot, all_regi, all_in, all_in) |
derivatives of production CES function | x | |||
| o37_emiInd (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, secInd37, all_enty) |
industry CCS emissions | \(GtC/a\) | x | x | |
| p37_cesdata_sigma (all_in) |
substitution elasticities | x | x | ||
| p37_energy_limit (all_in, all_in) |
thermodynamic/technical limits of energy use | \(GJ/product\) | x | ||
| p37_fctEmi (all_enty) |
emission factors of FE carriers | \(GtC/TWa\) | x | ||
| p37_shIndFE (all_regi, all_in, secInd37) |
share of industry sub-sectors in FE use | \(ratio\) | x | ||
| q37_cementCCS (ttot, all_regi) |
equal abatement levels for cement fuel and process emissions | x | |||
| q37_emiIndCCSmax (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
calculate max industry CCS emissions | x | |||
| q37_energy_limits (ttot, all_regi, all_in, all_in) |
thermodynamic/technical limit of energy use | x | |||
| q37_indCCS (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
calculate industry CCS emissions | x | |||
| q37_IndCCSCost (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
calculate cost for Industry CCS | x | |||
| q37_limit_secondary_steel_share (ttot, all_regi) |
no more than 90% of steel from seconday production | x | |||
| q37_macBaseInd (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, secInd37) |
calculate industry CCS baseline emissions | x | |||
| v37_emiIndCCSmax (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
max industry CCS emissions | \(GtC/a\) | x |
Sets
| description | |
|---|---|
| all_enty | all types of quantities |
| all_in | all inputs and outputs of the CES function |
| all_regi | all regions |
| all_te | all energy technologies, including from modules |
| c_expname | c_expname as set for use in GDX |
| cal_ppf_industry_dyn37(all_in) | primary production factors for calibration - industry |
| ces_industry_dyn37(all_in, all_in) | CES tree structure - industry |
| cesLevel2cesIO(counter, all_in) | CES tree structure by level |
| cesOut2cesIn(all_in, all_in) | CES tree structure |
| cesParameter | parameters of the CES functions and for calibration |
| counter | helper set to facilitate looping in defined order |
| emiInd37(all_enty) | industry emissions |
| emiInd37_fuel(all_enty) | industry emissions from fuel combustion |
| emiMac2mac(all_enty, all_enty) | mapping of emission sources to MACs - caution: not all MACs exist, in that case they are zero |
| emiMacSector(all_enty) | types of climate-relevant non-energy emissions with mac curve. Emissions in this set HAVE to be in emiMac2mac as well - if no MAC is available it will be set to zero automatically. |
| energy_limits37(all_in, all_in) | thermodynamic limit of energy |
| enty(all_enty) | all types of quantities |
| entyFe(all_enty) | final energy types. Calculated in sets_calculations |
| entyPe(all_enty) | Primary energy types (PE) |
| fe_tax_sub_sbi(all_in, all_in) | correspondence between tax and subsidy input data resolution and model sectoral resolution. For FE which takes the pathway I to the CES |
| fe_tax_sub37(all_in, all_in) | correspondence between tax and subsidy input data resolution and model sectoral resolution |
| fe2ppfEn(all_enty, all_in) | mapping between CES FE variables and ESM FE variables |
| fe2ppfen37(all_enty, all_in) | match ESM entyFE to ppfen |
| fe2ppfEn37(all_enty, all_in) | match ESM entyFe to ppfEn |
| in(all_in) | All inputs and outputs of the CES function |
| in_industry_dyn37(all_in) | all inputs and outputs of the CES function - industry |
| macBaseInd37(all_enty, secInd37) | FE and industry combinations that have emissions |
| macInd37(all_enty) | industry CCS MACs |
| modules | all the available modules |
| p | parameter for ch4 and n2o waste emissions and co2 cement emissions |
| pe2se(all_enty, all_enty, all_te) | map primary energy carriers to secondary |
| peRe(all_enty) | Renewable primary energy sources |
| ppfEn(all_in) | Primary production factors energy |
| ppfen_industry_dyn37(all_in) | primary production factors energy - industry |
| ppfKap(all_in) | Primary production factors capital |
| ppfKap_industry_dyn37(all_in) | energy efficiency capital of industry |
| regi(all_regi) | all regions used in the solution process |
| se2fe(all_enty, all_enty, all_te) | map secondary energy to end-use energy using a technology |
| secInd37 | industry sub-sectors |
| secInd37_2_emiInd37(secInd37, emiInd37) | link industry sub-sectors to sector emissions |
| steps | iterator for MAC steps |
| t(ttot) | modeling time, usually starting in 2005, but later for fixed delay runs |
| tall | time index |
| te(all_te) | energy technologies |
| ttot(tall) | time index with spin up |
Authors
Michaja Pehl
See Also
References
Strefler, Jessica. 2014. “Challenges for Low Stabilization of Climate Change: The Complementarity of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Abatement to CO2 Emission Reductions.” PhD Thesis, Berlin, Germany: Technische Universität Berlin. http://dx.doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-4231.