The bioenergy module provides a regional and crop-specific bioenergy demand \(vm\_dem\_bioen\) to the model (to the 16_demand module). For this calculation it requires information on gross energy content (provided by 16_demand module).
In addition to calculation of bioenergy quantities, the costs associated with the production are provided to the objective function in the 11_costs module.
| Description | Unit | A | B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fm_attributes (attributes, kall) |
Conversion factors - where X is ton N P K C DM WM or PJ GE | \(X/tDM\) | x | x |
| im_pop_iso (t_all, iso) |
Population | \(10^6/yr\) | x | x |
| sm_fix_SSP2 | year until which all parameters are fixed to SSP2 values | \(year\) | x | x |
| Description | Unit | |
|---|---|---|
| vm_bioenergy_utility (i) |
Utility as negative costs for producing bioenergy | \(USD_{05MER}/yr\) |
| vm_dem_bioen (i, kall) |
Regional bioenergy demand | \(10^6 tDM/yr\) |
Total demand for bioenergy comes from different origins 1st generation bioenergy demand is a fixed trajectory of minimum production requirements. Second generation bioenergy splits into a demand for dedicated bioenergy crops, which are fully substitutable based on their energy content, and residues which are also fully substitutable based on their energy content.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_dem\_bioen(i2,kall) \cdot fm\_attributes("ge",kall) \geq \sum_{ct} i60\_1stgen\_bioenergy\_dem(ct,i2,kall) + v60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_dem\_dedicated(i2,kall) + v60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_dem\_residues(i2,kall) \end{multline*}\]
The used first generation bioenergy trajectory contains demand until 2050 based on currently established and planned bioenergy policies (Lotze-Campen et al. (2014)). For the time after 2050 it is assumed that bioenergy production will be fully transformed to 2nd generation bioenergy crops and residues because of their higher estimated efficiency respectively their low costs.
For second generation bioenergy from dedicated bioenergy crops
(kbe60 = bioenergy grasses and bioenergy trees), input is
given either on regional or global level (defined via switch \(c60\_biodem\_level\)). As the bioenergy
demand for all crop types was fixed in the first step it now has to be
released again for second generation bioenergy crops
(kbe60).
The bioenergy demand calculation for second generation bioenergy is based on the following two equations from which always only one is active: If \(c60\_biodem\_level\) is 1 (regional) the right hand side of the first equation is set to 0, if it is 0 (global) the right hand side of the second equation is set to 0.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{kbe60,i2} v60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_dem\_dedicated(i2,kbe60) \geq \sum_{ct,i2}i60\_bioenergy\_dem(ct,i2) \cdot \left(1-c60\_biodem\_level\right) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{kbe60} v60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_dem\_dedicated(i2,kbe60) \geq \sum_{ct}i60\_bioenergy\_dem(ct,i2) \cdot c60\_biodem\_level \end{multline*}\]
Except the implementation of the switches and the fact that in the first equation the bioenergy demand is summed up to a global demand both equations act the same way: In both cases the equation just makes sure that the sum over all second generation energy crop of the bioenergy demand is greater or equal to the demand actually given by the input file \(i60\_bioenergy\_dem\). There is additionally some demand of residues for second generation bioenergy \(i60\_res\_2ndgenBE\_dem\), which is exogenously provided by the estimation that roughly 33% of available residues for recycling on cropland can be used for 2nd generation bioenergy depending on the SSP scenario, since residue stock and use is mainly driven by population and GDP.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{kres} v60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_dem\_residues(i2,kres) \geq \sum_{ct}i60\_res\_2ndgenBE\_dem(ct,i2) \end{multline*}\]
Finally, an incentive is provided for the production of 1st and 2nd generation bioenergy beyond the exogeneous minimum demand. 1st generation bioenergy can be incentivized mass- or energy-based. For comparability, the former is in line with other realizations and constant over time. The energy-based incentive can take different forms and is applied to both 1st and 2nd generation. Combined with low or fade-out exogenous demands, this is useful to assess bioenergy production potentials, however the endogenous technological change in 13_tc may react very strongly and create a positive feedback loop.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_bioenergy\_utility(i2) = \sum_{ct,k1st60}\left( vm\_dem\_bioen(i2,k1st60) \cdot \left(-i60\_1stgen\_bioenergy\_subsidy\_tdm(ct)\right)\right) + \sum_{ct,k1st60}\left( vm\_dem\_bioen(i2,k1st60) \cdot fm\_attributes("ge",k1st60) \cdot \left(-i60\_1stgen\_bioenergy\_subsidy\_gj(ct)\right)\right) + \sum_{ct,kbe60}\left( vm\_dem\_bioen(i2,kbe60) \cdot fm\_attributes("ge",kbe60) \cdot \left(-i60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_subsidy(ct)\right)\right) \end{multline*}\]
Limitations There are no known limitations.
Total demand for bioenergy comes from different origins 1st generation bioenergy demand is a fixed trajectory of minimum production requirements. Second generation bioenergy splits into a Demand for dedicated bioenergy crops, which are fully substitutable based on their energy content, and residues which are also fully substitutable based on their energy content.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_dem\_bioen(i2,kall) \cdot fm\_attributes("ge",kall) \geq \sum_{ct} i60\_1stgen\_bioenergy\_dem(ct,i2,kall) + v60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_dem\_dedicated(i2,kall) + v60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_dem\_residues(i2,kall) \end{multline*}\]
The used first generation bioenergy trajectory contains demand until 2050 based on currently established and planned bioenergy policies (Lotze-Campen et al. (2014)). For the time after 2050 it is assumed that bioenergy production will be fully transformed to 2nd generation bioenergy crops and residues because of their higher estimated efficiency respectively their low costs.
For second generation bioenergy from dedicated bioenergy crops
(kbe60 = bioenergy grasses and bioenergy trees), input is
given either on regional or global level (defined via switch \(c60\_biodem\_level\)). As the bioenergy
demand for all crop types was fixed in the first step it now has to be
released again for second generation bioenergy crops
(kbe60).
The bioenergy demand calculation for second generation bioenergy is based on the following two equations from which always only one is active: If \(c60\_biodem\_level\) is 1 (regional) the right hand side of the first equation is set to 0, if it is 0 (global) the right hand side of the second equation is set to 0.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{kbe60,i2} v60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_dem\_dedicated(i2,kbe60) \geq \sum_{ct,i2}i60\_bioenergy\_dem(ct,i2) \cdot \left(1-c60\_biodem\_level\right) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{kbe60} v60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_dem\_dedicated(i2,kbe60) \geq \sum_{ct}i60\_bioenergy\_dem(ct,i2) \cdot c60\_biodem\_level \end{multline*}\]
Except the implementation of the switches and the fact that in the first equation the bioenergy demand is summed up to a global demand both equations act the same way: In both cases the equation just makes sure that the sum over all second generation energy crop of the bioenergy demand is greater or equal to the demand actually given by the input file \(i60\_bioenergy\_dem\). There is additionally some demand of residues for second generation bioenergy \(i60\_res\_2ndgenBE\_dem\), which is exogenously provided by the estimation that roughly 33% of available residues for recycling on cropland can be used for 2nd generation bioenergy depending on the SSP scenario, since residue stock and use is mainly driven by population and GDP.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{kres} v60\_2ndgen\_bioenergy\_dem\_residues(i2,kres) \geq \sum_{ct}i60\_res\_2ndgenBE\_dem(ct,i2) \end{multline*}\]
Finally, an incentive is provided for the production of 1st generation bioenergy from oils and ethanol even beyond the exogeneous minimum demand. The incentive is kept low, but should provide a more realistic overproduction from couple products.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_bioenergy\_utility(i2) = \sum_{k1st60}\left( vm\_dem\_bioen(i2,k1st60) \cdot \left(-c60\_bioenergy\_subsidy\right)\right) \end{multline*}\]
Limitations There are no known limitations.
| Description | Unit | A | B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| c60_biodem_level | bioenergy demand level indicator 1 for regional and 0 for global demand | \(1\) | x | x |
| c60_bioenergy_subsidy | first generation bioenergy subsidy | \(USD_{05MER}/ton\) | x | x |
| c60_bioenergy_subsidy_fix_SSP2 | first generation bioenergy subsidy during fix_SSP period | \(USD_{05MER}/ton\) | x | |
| f60_1stgen_bioenergy_dem (t_all, i, scen1st60, kall) |
annual 1st generation bioenergy demand | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| f60_bioenergy_dem (t_all, i, scen2nd60) |
annual bioenergy demand (regional) | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| f60_res_2ndgenBE_dem (t_all, i, scen2ndres60) |
annual residue demand for 2nd generation bioenergy(regional) | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| i60_1stgen_bioenergy_dem (t, i, kall) |
Regional 1st generation bioenergy demand | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| i60_1stgen_bioenergy_subsidy_gj (t) |
Global 1st generation bioenergy subsidy per GJ | \(USD_{05MER}/GJ\) | x | |
| i60_1stgen_bioenergy_subsidy_tdm (t) |
Global 1st generation bioenergy subsidy per tDM | \(USD_{05MER}/tDM\) | x | |
| i60_2ndgen_bioenergy_subsidy (t) |
Global 2nd generation bioenergy subsidy | \(USD_{05MER}/GHJ\) | x | |
| i60_bioenergy_dem (t, i) |
Regional bioenergy demand per year | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| i60_res_2ndgenBE_dem (t, i) |
Regional residue demand for 2nd generation bioenergy per year | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| p60_country_dummy (iso) |
Dummy parameter indicating whether country is selected for selected bioenergy demand scenario | \(1\) | x | x |
| p60_region_BE_shr (t_all, i) |
Bioenergy demand share of the region | \(1\) | x | x |
| q60_bioenergy (i, kall) |
Global total bioenergy demand | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| q60_bioenergy_glo | Global 2nd generation dedicated bioenergy demand | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| q60_bioenergy_incentive (i) |
Incentive to produce bioenergy | \(10^6 USD_{05MER}/yr\) | x | x |
| q60_bioenergy_reg (i) |
Regional 2nd generation dedicated bioenergy demand | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| q60_res_2ndgenBE (i) |
Regional residue demand for 2nd generation bioenergy | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| s60_2ndgen_bioenergy_dem_min | Minimum dedicated 2nd generation bioenergy demand assumed in each region during SSP2-fix | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| s60_2ndgen_bioenergy_dem_min_post_fix | Minimum dedicated 2nd generation bioenergy demand assumed in each region after SSP2-fix | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | |
| s60_bioenergy_gj_price_1st | first generation bioenergy per-GJ price | \(USD_{05MER}/GJ\) | x | |
| s60_bioenergy_price_2nd | second generation bioenergy price | \(USD_{05MER}/GJ\) | x | |
| v60_2ndgen_bioenergy_dem_dedicated (i, kall) |
Bioenergy demand which can come from different regions | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| v60_2ndgen_bioenergy_dem_residues (i, kall) |
Bioenergy demand which can come from different product types | \(10^6 GJ/yr\) | x | x |
| description | |
|---|---|
| attributes | Product attributes characterizing a product (such as weight or energy content) |
| ct(t) | Current time period |
| i | all economic regions |
| i_to_iso(i, iso) | mapping regions to iso countries |
| i2(i) | World regions (dynamic set) |
| iso | list of iso countries |
| k1st60(kall) | 1st generation bioenergy carriers |
| kall | All products in the sectoral version |
| kap(k) | Animal products |
| kbe60(kall) | bio energy activities |
| kres(kall) | Residues |
| reg | regression parameters for capital calculation |
| scen_countries60(iso) | countries to be affected by 2nd generation bionergy demand scenario |
| scen1st60 | first generation bioenergy scenarios |
| scen2nd60 | second generation bioenergy scenarios |
| scen2ndres60 | residues for second generation bioenergy scenarios |
| t_all(t_ext) | 5-year time periods |
| t(t_all) | Simulated time periods |
| type | GAMS variable attribute used for the output |
Jan Philipp Dietrich
09_drivers, 11_costs, 16_demand