The forestry module describes the constraints under which three
different types of managed age-class forests exist: plantations used for
wood harvesting (plant), prescribed re/afforestation based on existing
national policies (ndc) and endogenous CO2-price driven re/afforestation
(aff) (Humpenöder et al. (2022)). These types of managed forests
are made available to other modules via the interface
vm_land_forestry. At the same time, the module calculates
the corresponding carbon stocks and biodiversity values for all three
types of managed forest. The module provides expected carbon dioxide
removal (CDR) from endogenous re/afforestation to the GHG policy module
(56_ghg_policy). Costs related to
managed forests, including costs for harvesting, establishment and
management, are provided to the cost module (11_costs).
| Description | Unit | A | |
|---|---|---|---|
| fm_bii_coeff (bii_class44, potnatveg) |
Biodiversity Intactness Index coefficients | \(unitless\) | x |
| fm_carbon_density (t_all, j, land, c_pools) |
LPJmL carbon density for land and carbon pools | \(tC/ha\) | x |
| fm_luh2_side_layers (j, luh2_side_layers10) |
luh2 side layers | \(grid cell share\) | x |
| im_timber_prod_cost (kforestry) |
Cost for producing one unit of wood and woodfuel | \(USD/tDM\) | x |
| pcm_land (j, land) |
Land area in previous time step including possible changes after optimization | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| pm_carbon_density_plantation_ac (t_all, j, ac, ag_pools) |
Above ground plantation carbon density for age classes and carbon pools | \(tC/ha\) | x |
| pm_carbon_density_secdforest_ac (t_all, j, ac, ag_pools) |
Above ground secondary forest carbon density for age classes and carbon pools | \(tC/ha\) | x |
| pm_demand_forestry (t_ext, i, kforestry) |
Extended demand for timber beyound simulation | \(10^6 tDM/yr\) | x |
| pm_interest (t_all, i) |
Interest rate in each region and timestep | \(\%/yr\) | x |
| pm_land_conservation (t, j, land, consv_type) |
Land protection and restoration for all land types | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| pm_land_start (j, land) |
Land initialization area | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| pm_max_forest_est (t, j) |
Overall forest establishment potential in current time step | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| pm_timber_yield (t, j, ac, land_timber) |
Forest growing stock | \(tDM/ha/yr\) | x |
| sm_fix_SSP2 | year until which all parameters are fixed to SSP2 values | \(year\) | x |
| vm_area (j, kcr, w) |
Agricultural production area | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| vm_bv (j, landcover44, potnatveg) |
Biodiversity stock for all land cover classes | \(Mha\) | x |
| vm_carbon_stock (j, land, c_pools, stockType) |
Carbon stock in vegetation soil and litter for different land types | \(10^6 tC\) | x |
| vm_fallow (j) |
Fallow land is temporarily fallow cropland | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| vm_land (j, land) |
Land area of the different land types | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| Description | Unit | |
|---|---|---|
| pcm_land_forestry (j, type32) |
Forestry land pools | \(10^6 ha\) |
| vm_cdr_aff (j, ac, aff_effect) |
Expected bgc (CDR) and local bph effects of afforestation depending on planning horizon | \(10^6 tC\) |
| vm_cost_fore (i) |
Forestry costs | \(10^6 USD\) |
| vm_land_forestry (j, type32) |
Forestry land pools | \(10^6 ha\) |
| vm_landdiff_forestry | Aggregated difference in forestry land compared to previous timestep | \(10^6 ha\) |
| vm_landexpansion_forestry (j, type32) |
Forestry land expansion | \(10^6 ha\) |
| vm_landreduction_forestry (j, type32) |
Forestry land reduction | \(10^6 ha\) |
| vm_prod_forestry (j, kforestry) |
Production of woody biomass from commercial plantations | \(10^6 tDM/yr\) |
The main features of the this realization are re/afforestation for
CDR and timber production. Re/afforestation can be modelled exogenously
(prescribed by NPI/NDC policies) and/or endogenously (incentivized by a
reward for CDR). National policies implemented (NPI) and nationally
determined contributions to the Paris agreement (NDC) for
re/afforestation are based on country reports. The interface
vm_cdr_aff includes the expected CDR and local bph effects
from re/afforestation depending on the planning horizon
s32_planing_horizon. The reward for CDR and local bph
effects from re/afforestation is calculated in the 56_ghg_policy module. In this realization,
re/afforestation is modeled by default as regrowth of natural vegetation
(see Humpenöder et al. (2014) for details on the implemenation).
The regrowth of natural vegetation follows S-shaped growth curves, which
are parametrized based on Braakhekke et al. (2019). Additionally this module handles
the production of two timber products i.e., wood and woodfuel from
plantation forests while still accounting for afforestation policies.
New plantations are also established in the simulation step to account
for future timber demand. This module also calculates the rotation
lengths before the solve loop by maximizing current annual increment
(CAI) based on Amacher, Ollikainen, and Koskela (2009).
This rotation length calculation decision can also be changed to
maximization of mean annual increment (MAI) or equating instantaneous
growth rate (IGR) with interest rate. Rotation lengths calculated by
maximization of CAI are empirically closer to economically optimal
Faustmann rotation lengths (see Amacher, Ollikainen, and Koskela (2009)).
For harvesting decisions we assume that land owners stick to their
establishment decision, e.g. if a plantation has been established with a
rotation length of 30 years it will be harvested after 30 years, even so
the rotation length in the prevailing time step, used for establishment,
is shorter or longer. See Mishra et al. (2021)
for more details.
The direct costs for timber plantations and re/afforestation
vm_cost_fore include establishment cost for new forests,
recurring maintenance and monitoring costs for standing forests as well
as harvesting costs for timber plantations. In addition, this type of
forest management (including re/afforestation) may cause costs in other
parts of the model such as costs for technological change 13_tc or land expansion 39_landconversion.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_cost\_fore(i2) = v32\_cost\_recur(i2) + v32\_cost\_establishment(i2) + v32\_cost\_hvarea(i2) + \sum_{cell(i2,j2)} v32\_land\_missing(j2) \cdot s32\_free\_land\_cost \end{multline*}\]
The interface vm_cdr_aff provides the projected
biogeochemical (bgc) carbon sequestration and the local biophysical
(bph) warming/cooling effects of an afforestation activity for a
planning horizon of 50 years s32_planing_horizon to the 56_ghg_policy module.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_cdr\_aff(j2,ac,"bgc") = \sum_{ac\_est} v32\_land(j2,"aff",ac\_est) \cdot \sum_{ct} p32\_cdr\_ac(ct,j2,ac) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_cdr\_aff(j2,ac,"bph") = \sum_{ac\_est} v32\_land(j2,"aff",ac\_est) \cdot p32\_aff\_bgp(j2,ac) \end{multline*}\]
ac_est can only increase if total afforested land increases
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{ac\_est} v32\_land(j2,"aff",ac\_est) \leq \sum_{ac} v32\_land(j2,"aff",ac) - \sum_{ct,ac} p32\_land(ct,j2,"aff",ac) \end{multline*}\]
The interface vm_land provides aggregated forestry land
pools (type32) to other modules.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_land(j2,"forestry") = \sum_{type32,ac} v32\_land(j2,type32,ac) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_land\_forestry(j2,type32) = \sum_{ac} v32\_land(j2,type32,ac) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_landexpansion\_forestry(j2,type32) = v32\_land\_expansion(j2,type32) - v32\_land\_replant(j2)\$sameas(type32,"plant") \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_landreduction\_forestry(j2,type32) = \sum_{ac\_sub} v32\_land\_reduction(j2,type32,ac\_sub) - v32\_land\_replant(j2)\$sameas(type32,"plant") \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} v32\_land\_replant(j2) = \sum_{ac\_sub} v32\_hvarea\_forestry(j2,ac\_sub) \cdot \sum_{cell(i2,j2)}\left( min\left(1, \sum_{ct} p32\_future\_to\_current\_demand\_ratio(ct,i2)\right)\right)\$s32\_establishment\_dynamic \end{multline*}\]
The constraint q32_aff_pol accounts for the exogenous
afforestation prescribed by NPI/NDC policies.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{ac\_est} v32\_land(j2,"ndc",ac\_est) = \sum_{ct} p32\_aff\_pol\_timestep(ct,j2) \end{multline*}\]
The constraint q32_max_aff accounts for the allowed
maximum global endogenous afforestation defined in
i32_max_aff_area_glo. The constraint
q32_max_aff_reg accounts for the allowed maximum regional
endogenous afforestation defined in i32_max_aff_area_reg.
Only one of the two constraints is active, depending on
s32_max_aff_area_glo.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{j2,ac} v32\_land(j2,"aff",ac) \leq \sum_{ct} i32\_max\_aff\_area\_glo(ct) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{cell(i2,j2),ac} v32\_land(j2,"aff",ac) \leq \sum_{ct} i32\_max\_aff\_area\_reg(ct,i2) \end{multline*}\]
Forestry above ground carbon stocks are calculated as the product of
forestry land (v32_land) and the area weighted mean of
carbon density for carbon pools
(p32_carbon_density_ac).
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_carbon\_stock(j2,"forestry",ag\_pools,stockType) = m\_carbon\_stock\_ac(v32\_land,p32\_carbon\_density\_ac,"type32,ac","type32,ac\_sub") \end{multline*}\]
Forestry land expansion and reduction is calculated as follows:
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_landdiff\_forestry = \sum_{j2,type32}\left( v32\_land\_expansion(j2,type32) + \sum_{ac\_sub} v32\_land\_reduction(j2,type32,ac\_sub)\right) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} v32\_land\_expansion(j2,type32) = \sum_{ac\_est} v32\_land(j2,type32,ac\_est) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} v32\_land\_reduction(j2,type32,ac\_sub) = pc32\_land(j2,type32,ac\_sub) - v32\_land(j2,type32,ac\_sub) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_bv(j2,"aff\_co2p",potnatveg) = \sum_{bii\_class\_secd}\left( \sum\left(ac\_to\_bii\_class\_secd(ac,bii\_class\_secd), v32\_land(j2,"aff",ac)\right) \cdot p32\_bii\_coeff("aff",bii\_class\_secd,potnatveg)\right) \cdot fm\_luh2\_side\_layers(j2,potnatveg) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_bv(j2,"aff\_ndc",potnatveg) = \sum_{bii\_class\_secd}\left( \sum\left(ac\_to\_bii\_class\_secd(ac,bii\_class\_secd), v32\_land(j2,"ndc",ac)\right) \cdot p32\_bii\_coeff("ndc",bii\_class\_secd,potnatveg)\right) \cdot fm\_luh2\_side\_layers(j2,potnatveg) \end{multline*}\]
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_bv(j2,"plant",potnatveg) = \sum_{bii\_class\_secd}\left( \sum\left(ac\_to\_bii\_class\_secd(ac,bii\_class\_secd), v32\_land(j2,"plant",ac)\right) \cdot p32\_bii\_coeff("plant",bii\_class\_secd,potnatveg)\right) \cdot fm\_luh2\_side\_layers(j2,potnatveg) \end{multline*}\]
Cost of new plantations establishment
v32_cost_establishment is the investment made in setting up
new plantations but also accounts for the expected value of future
harvesting costs. This makes sure that the model sticks to reasonable
plantation patterns over time. Present value of harvesting costs is
(1+pm_interest)^p32_rotation_regional and
annuity factor of pm_interest/(1+pm_interest)
averages the cost of this investment over time.
\[\begin{multline*} v32\_cost\_establishment(i2) = \left(\sum_{cell(i2,j2),type32,ac\_est}\left( v32\_land(j2,type32,ac\_est) \cdot p32\_est\_cost(type32)\right)\right) \cdot \sum_{ct}\left(\frac{pm\_interest(ct,i2)}{\left(1+pm\_interest(ct,i2)\right)}\right) +\frac{ \sum_{ct,kforestry}\left( v32\_prod\_forestry\_future(i2) \cdot p32\_forestry\_product\_dist(ct,i2,kforestry) \cdot im\_timber\_prod\_cost(kforestry)\right) }{ \left(1+\sum_{ct}pm\_interest(ct,i2)^{\sum_{ct}\left( p32\_rotation\_regional(ct,i2) \cdot 5\right)}\right)} \end{multline*}\]
Recurring costs are paid for plantations where the trees have to be regularly monitored and maintained. These costs are only calculated because we see active human intervention in commercial plantations. These costs are paid for trees used for timber production or trees established for re/afforestation purposes.
\[\begin{multline*} v32\_cost\_recur(i2) = \sum_{cell(i2,j2),type32,ac\_sub} v32\_land(j2,type32,ac\_sub) \cdot s32\_recurring\_cost \end{multline*}\]
New plantations are established in the optimization step based on a
certain percentage (p32_plant_contr) of expected future
demand (p32_demand_forestry_future). As plantation
establishment decisions should also know some indication of expected
future yields, we calculate how much yield newly established plantation
can realize based on rotation lengths. This is defined as the expected
future yield (p32_yield_forestry_future) at harvest. Future
expected production is calculated for the establishment decision below
and the costs above based on newly established areas and expected future
yields.
\[\begin{multline*} v32\_prod\_forestry\_future(i2) = \frac{ \sum_{cell(i2,j2)}\left( \left(\sum_{ac\_est} v32\_land(j2,"plant",ac\_est) + v32\_land\_missing(j2)\right) \cdot \sum_{ct} p32\_yield\_forestry\_future(ct,j2)\right) }{ m\_timestep\_length\_forestry } \end{multline*}\]
Future expected production has to be equal or larger than future demand multiplied with the plantation contribution factor.
\[\begin{multline*} v32\_prod\_forestry\_future(i2) \geq \sum_{ct,kforestry} p32\_demand\_forestry\_future(ct,i2,kforestry) \cdot \sum_{ct} p32\_plant\_contr(ct,i2) \end{multline*}\]
Harvested areas are fully re-established at cell level, unless the ratio of future and current demand drops below 1.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{ac\_est} v32\_land(j2,"plant",ac\_est) \geq \sum_{ac\_sub} v32\_hvarea\_forestry(j2,ac\_sub) \cdot \sum_{cell(i2,j2)}\left( min\left(1, \sum_{ct} p32\_future\_to\_current\_demand\_ratio(ct,i2)\right)\right) \end{multline*}\]
If plantations should be static (defined by
s32_establishment_static) then the model simply establishes
the amount of plantations which are harvested. this keeps the plantation
area static but accounts for age-class changes and regrowth during every
time step.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{ac} v32\_land(j2,"plant",ac) = \sum_{ac} pc32\_land(j2,"plant",ac) \end{multline*}\]
This constraint distributes additions to forestry land over ac_est, which depends on the time step length (e.g. ac0 and ac5 for a 10 year time step).
\[\begin{multline*} v32\_land(j2,type32,ac\_est) = \frac{ \sum_{ac\_est2} v32\_land(j2,type32,ac\_est2)}{card(ac\_est2)} \end{multline*}\]
Change in forestry area is the difference between plantation area from previous time step (‘pc32_land’) and optimized plantation area from current time step (‘v32_land’)
\[\begin{multline*} v32\_hvarea\_forestry(j2,ac\_sub) = v32\_land\_reduction(j2,"plant",ac\_sub) \end{multline*}\]
Woody biomass production from timber plantations is calculated by multiplying the area under production with corresponding yields of plantation forests, divided by the timestep length.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{kforestry} vm\_prod\_forestry(j2,kforestry) = \frac{ \sum_{ac\_sub}\left( v32\_hvarea\_forestry(j2,ac\_sub) \cdot \sum\left(ct, pm\_timber\_yield(ct,j2,ac\_sub,"forestry")\right)\right) }{ m\_timestep\_length\_forestry} \end{multline*}\]
Harvesting cost in plantations is defined as the cost incurred while removing biomass from such forests.
\[\begin{multline*} v32\_cost\_hvarea(i2) = \sum_{ct,cell(i2,j2),ac\_sub} v32\_hvarea\_forestry(j2,ac\_sub) \cdot s32\_harvesting\_cost \end{multline*}\]
Afforestation switch: 0 = Use natveg growth curve towards LPJmL natural vegetation 1 = Use plantation growth curve (faster than natveg) towards LPJmL natural vegetation
if(s32_aff_plantation = 0,
p32_carbon_density_ac(t,j,"aff",ac,ag_pools) = pm_carbon_density_secdforest_ac(t,j,ac,ag_pools);
elseif s32_aff_plantation = 1,
p32_carbon_density_ac(t,j,"aff",ac,ag_pools) = pm_carbon_density_plantation_ac(t,j,ac,"vegc");
);Timber plantations carbon densities:
p32_carbon_density_ac(t,j,"plant",ac,ag_pools) = pm_carbon_density_plantation_ac(t,j,ac,ag_pools);NDC carbon densities are natveg carbon densities.
p32_carbon_density_ac(t,j,"ndc",ac,ag_pools) = pm_carbon_density_secdforest_ac(t,j,ac,ag_pools);CDR from afforestation for each age-class, depending on planning horizon.
p32_cdr_ac(t,j,ac)$(ord(ac) > 1 AND (ord(ac)-1) <= s32_planing_horizon/5)
= p32_carbon_density_ac(t,j,"aff",ac,"vegc") - p32_carbon_density_ac(t,j,"aff",ac-1,"vegc");
p32_disturbance_loss_ftype32(t,j,"aff",ac_sub) = pc32_land(j,"aff",ac_sub) * f32_forest_shock(t,"%c32_shock_scenario%") * m_timestep_length;
pc32_land(j,"aff",ac_est) = pc32_land(j,"aff",ac_est) + sum(ac_sub,p32_disturbance_loss_ftype32(t,j,"aff",ac_sub))/card(ac_est2);
pc32_land(j,"aff",ac_sub) = pc32_land(j,"aff",ac_sub) - p32_disturbance_loss_ftype32(t,j,"aff",ac_sub);Regrowth of natural vegetation (natural succession) is modelled by shifting age-classes according to time step length. For first year of simulation, the shift is just 1. Division by 5 happends because the age-classes exist in 5 year steps
s32_shift = m_yeardiff_forestry(t)/5;Exchange land information after optimization
pc32_land(j,type32,ac) = v32_land.l(j,type32,ac);Limitations Rotation lengths for timber plantations are not endogenous.
| Description | Unit | A | |
|---|---|---|---|
| f32_aff_bgp (j, bgp32) |
Biogeophysical temperature change of afforestation | \(degree C\) | x |
| f32_aff_mask (j) |
afforestation mask | \(binary\) | x |
| f32_aff_pol (t_all, j, pol32) |
npi+ndc afforestation policy | \(Mha new forest wrt to 2010\) | x |
| f32_forest_shock (t_all, shock_scen32) |
Forest carbon shock scenarios | \(area share affected/year\) | x |
| f32_max_aff_area (i) |
Maximum regional afforestation area | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| f32_plantedforest (i) |
Share of plantation forest in planted forest | \(1\) | x |
| f32_tcre (j, tcre32) |
Transient surface temperature response to CO2 emission | \(degree C/tC/ha\) | x |
| i32_max_aff_area_glo (t) |
Maximum global endogenous afforestation area | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| i32_max_aff_area_reg (t, i) |
Maximum regional endogenous afforestation area | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| i32_plant_contr_growth_fader (t_all) |
Fader for growth rate of timber plantation share | \(percent\) | x |
| p32_aff_bgp (j, ac) |
Biophysical impact of afforestation | \(tCeq/ha\) | x |
| p32_aff_pol (t, j) |
NDC forest stock | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| p32_aff_pol_timestep (t, j) |
NDC afforestation per time step | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| p32_aff_pot (t, j) |
Potential afforestation area | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| p32_aff_togo (t, i) |
Remaining exogenous afforestation wrt to the maximum exogenous target over time | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| p32_avg_increment (t_all, j, ac) |
Mean annual increment | \(tC/ha/year\) | x |
| p32_bii_coeff (type32, bii_class_secd, potnatveg) |
bii coeff | \(1\) | x |
| p32_carbon_density_ac (t, j, type32, ac, ag_pools) |
Carbon density for ac and ag_pools | \(tC/ha\) | x |
| p32_carbon_density_ac_forestry (t_all, j, ac) |
Above ground carbon density for age classes and carbon pools | \(tC/ha\) | x |
| p32_carbon_density_ac_marg (t_all, j, ac) |
Marginal above ground carbon density for age classes and carbon pools | \(tC/ha\) | x |
| p32_cdr_ac (t, j, ac) |
Non-cumulative CDR from afforestation plantations for each age-class depending on planning horizon | \(tC/ha\) | x |
| p32_demand_forestry_future (t, i, kforestry) |
Future forestry demand in current time step | \(tDM/yr\) | x |
| p32_discount_factor (t_all, j, ac) |
Discount factor for each age class | \(1\) | x |
| p32_disturbance_loss_ftype32 (t, j, type32, ac) |
Loss due to disturbances in all plantation type forests | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| p32_est_cost (type32) |
Establishment cost | \(USD/ha\) | x |
| p32_forestry_product_dist (t, i, kforestry) |
Distribution of wood products | \(1\) | x |
| p32_future_to_current_demand_ratio (t, i) |
Ratio of future and current timber demand | \(1\) | x |
| p32_IGR (t_all, j, ac) |
Instantaneous growth rate or periodic annual increment of forest growth | \(1\) | x |
| p32_investment_returns_lost (t_all, j, ac) |
Present value of investment returns lost by not harvesting now and beginning a new series of rotations on the land | \(10^6 USD\) | x |
| p32_land (t, j, type32, ac) |
Forestry land pools before optimization | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| p32_land_rent_weighted (t_all, j, ac) |
Land rent weighted by the value of the trees at harvest age-class | \(10^6 USD\) | x |
| p32_land_start_ac (j, type32, ac) |
Saving first value of starting land | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| p32_ncells (i) |
Number of cells in each region | \(1\) | x |
| p32_net_present_value (t_all, j, ac) |
Net present value for a representative 1ha land of plantations | \(10^6 USD\) | x |
| p32_plant_contr (t, i) |
Share of roundwood production coming from timber plantations | \(percent\) | x |
| p32_rot_flg (t_all, j, ac) |
Identifier flag when calculating rotation length | \(1\) | x |
| p32_rot_flg_faustmann (t_all, j, ac) |
Identifier flag when calculating faustmann rotation length | \(1\) | x |
| p32_rot_length_ac_eqivalent (t_all, j) |
Cellular rotation length of plantations translated to age class equivalent for future | \(1\) | x |
| p32_rot_length_faustmann (t_all, j) |
Cellular Faustmann rotation length of plantations translated to age class equivalent | \(1\) | x |
| p32_rotation_cellular_estb (t_all, j) |
Establishment rotation length translated to age classes on cellular level | \(1\) | x |
| p32_rotation_cellular_harvesting (t_all, j) |
Harvesting rotation length of plantations translated to age class equivalent for future | \(1\) | x |
| p32_rotation_offset | Offset calc in age class equivalents | \(1\) | x |
| p32_rotation_regional (t_all, i) |
Regional average rotation length of plantations translated to age class equivalent for future | \(1\) | x |
| p32_stand_value (t_all, j, ac) |
Stand value based on given prices | \(10^6 USD\) | x |
| p32_tcre_glo (j) |
Global mean Transient Climate Response to cumulative Emissions | \(degree C/tC/ha\) | x |
| p32_time (ac) |
Time as a function of age-classes | \(yr\) | x |
| p32_yield_forestry_future (t, j) |
Cellular timber yield expected in the future | \(m3/ha/year\) | x |
| pc32_land (j, type32, ac) |
Forestry land pools in current time step | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| pc32_plant_contr_ini (i) |
Inital share of roundwood production coming from timber plantations | \(percent\) | x |
| pc32_prod_forestry_ini (i) |
Initial procution from timber plantations | \(10^6 tDM/yr\) | x |
| q32_aff_est (j) |
Afforestation constraint for establishment age classes | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_aff_pol (j) |
Afforestation policy constraint | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_bgp_aff (j, ac) |
Biophysical afforestation calculation | \(10^6 tCeq\) | x |
| q32_bv_aff (j, potnatveg) |
Biodiversity value for aff forestry land | \(Mha\) | x |
| q32_bv_ndc (j, potnatveg) |
Biodiversity value for ndc forestry land | \(Mha\) | x |
| q32_bv_plant (j, potnatveg) |
Biodiversity value for plantations | \(Mha\) | x |
| q32_carbon (j, ag_pools, stockType) |
Forestry carbon stock calculation | \(10^6 tC\) | x |
| q32_cdr_aff (j, ac) |
Calculation of CDR from afforestation | \(10^6 tC\) | x |
| q32_cost_establishment (i) |
Present value of cost of establishment | \(10^6 USD\) | x |
| q32_cost_hvarea (i) |
Cost of harvesting timber from forests | \(10^6 USD/yr\) | x |
| q32_cost_recur (i) |
Recurruing costs | \(10^6 USD\) | x |
| q32_cost_total (i) |
Total forestry costs constraint | \(10^6 USD\) | x |
| q32_establishment_demand (i) |
Future expected production of woody biomass from commercial plantations | \(10^6 tDM/yr\) | x |
| q32_establishment_fixed (j) |
Establishment in current time step for future demand | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_establishment_hvarea (j) |
Establishment in current time step for future demand | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_forestry_est (j, type32, ac) |
Distribution of forestry establishment over ac_est | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_hvarea_forestry (j, ac) |
Plantations area harvest | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_land (j) |
Land constraint | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_land_diff | Aggregated difference in forestry land compared to previous timestep | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_land_expansion (j, type32) |
Land expansion | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_land_expansion_forestry (j, type32) |
Forestry land expansion | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_land_reduction (j, type32, ac) |
Land contraction | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_land_reduction_forestry (j, type32) |
Forestry land reduction | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_land_replant (j) |
Harvested and replanted area in timber plantations | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_land_type32 (j, type32) |
Land constraint | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_max_aff | Maximum total global afforestation | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_max_aff_reg (i) |
Maximum total regional afforestation | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| q32_prod_forestry (j) |
Production of woody biomass from commercial plantations | \(10^6 tDM/yr\) | x |
| q32_prod_forestry_future (i) |
Future expected production of woody biomass from commercial plantations | \(10^6 tDM/yr\) | x |
| s32_aff_bii_coeff | BII coefficent to be used for CO2 price driven afforestation 0=natural vegetation 1=plantation | \(1\) | x |
| s32_aff_plantation | Switch for using growth curves for afforestation 0=natveg 1=plantations | \(1\) | x |
| s32_aff_prot | Switch for protection of afforested areas | \(0=until end of planning horizon 1=forever\) | x |
| s32_demand_establishment | Boolean switch for establishment demand assumption 1=forward looking 0=static | \(1\) | x |
| s32_est_cost_natveg | Establishment cost for natural vegetation | \(USD/ha\) | x |
| s32_est_cost_plant | Establishment cost for plantations | \(USD/ha\) | x |
| s32_establishment_dynamic | If plantations should be dynamic | \(including establishment and harvest decsions\) | x |
| s32_establishment_static | Static plantations with no establishmnet no harvest no regrowth | x | |
| s32_faustmann_rotation | Switch to activate faustmann rotations | \(1=on 0=off\) | x |
| s32_forestry_int_rate | Global interest rate for plantations | \(percent\) | x |
| s32_free_land_cost | Penalty for technial area balance term | \(USD/ha\) | x |
| s32_harvesting_cost | Harvesting cost | \(USD/ha\) | x |
| s32_hvarea | Flag for harvested area and establishemt | \(0=zero 1=exognous 2=endogneous\) | x |
| s32_initial_distribution | Switch to Activate ageclass distribution in plantations 0=off 1=equal distribution | x | |
| s32_max_aff_area | Maximum total global afforestation | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| s32_max_aff_area_glo | Switch for global or regional afforestation constraint | \(1\) | x |
| s32_max_self_suff | Upper ceiling for the self sufficiency used in calculation for establishment decision | \(1\) | x |
| s32_planing_horizon | Afforestation planing horizon | \(years\) | x |
| s32_plant_contr_growth_endvalue | End value for plantation contribution growth fader | \(percent/year\) | x |
| s32_plant_contr_growth_endyear | End year for plantation contribution growth fader | \(year\) | x |
| s32_plant_contr_growth_startvalue | Start value for plantation contribution growth fader | \(percent/year\) | x |
| s32_plant_contr_growth_startyear | Start year for plantation contribution growth fader | \(year\) | x |
| s32_plant_contr_max | Maximum plantation contribution for establishment decision | \(percent\) | x |
| s32_price | Price for timber | \(USD\) | x |
| s32_recurring_cost | Recurring costs | \(USD/ha\) | x |
| s32_rotation_extension | Rotation extension factor 1=original rotations 2=100 percent increase in rotations etc | \(1\) | x |
| s32_shift | Number of 5-year age-classes corresponding to current time step length | \(1\) | x |
| s32_tcre_local | Switch for local (1) or global (0) TRCE factors | \(1\) | x |
| v32_cost_establishment (i) |
Cost of establishment calculated at the current time step | \(10^6 USD\) | x |
| v32_cost_hvarea (i) |
Cost of harvesting timber from forests | \(10^6 USD/yr\) | x |
| v32_cost_recur (i) |
Recurring forest management costs | \(USD/ha\) | x |
| v32_hvarea_forestry (j, ac) |
Harvested area from timber plantations | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| v32_land (j, type32, ac) |
Forestry land pools | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| v32_land_expansion (j, type32) |
Forestry land expansion | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| v32_land_missing (j) |
Technical area balance term for timber plantation establishment | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| v32_land_reduction (j, type32, ac) |
Forestry land reduction | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| v32_land_replant (j) |
Harvested and replanted area in timber plantations | \(10^6 ha\) | x |
| v32_prod_forestry_future (i) |
Future expected production of woody biomass from commercial plantations | \(10^6 tDM/yr\) | x |
| description | |
|---|---|
| ac | Age classes |
| ac_bph(ac) | fade-in of bph effect over age-classes |
| ac_est(ac) | Dynamic subset of age classes for establishment |
| ac_sub(ac) | Dynamic subset of age classes excluding establishment |
| ac_to_bii_class_secd(ac, bii_class_secd) | Mapping between forest ageclasses and bii coefficent land cover classes |
| aff_effect | biochemical and local biophysical effect of afforestation on climate |
| ag_pools(c_pools) | Above ground carbon pools |
| age | Population age groups |
| bgp32 | biogeophysical effect (degree C) of afforestation on local surface temperature |
| bii_class_secd(bii_class44) | bii coefficent land cover classes secondary vegetation |
| bii_class44 | bii coefficent land cover classes |
| c_pools | Carbon pools |
| cell(i, j) | number of LPJ cells per region i |
| consv_type | Type of land conservation |
| ct(t) | Current time period |
| factors | factors included in factor requirements |
| fcosts32(fcostsALL) | forestry factor cost per annum |
| fcostsALL | forestry factor cost types |
| i | all economic regions |
| i2(i) | World regions (dynamic set) |
| ini32(j, ac) | subset for initialization of timber plantations |
| inter32 | Interpolation of scenario from FAO study on proportion of roundwood production coming from plantations |
| j | number of LPJ cells |
| j2(j) | Spatial Clusters (dynamic set) |
| kcr(kve) | Cropping activities |
| kforestry(k) | forestry products |
| land | Land pools |
| land_timber(land) | land from which timber can be taken away |
| landcover44 | land cover classes used in bii calculation |
| luh2_side_layers10 | side layers from LUH2 |
| pol32 | afforestation policy type |
| potnatveg(luh2_side_layers10) | potentially forested biomes |
| rotation_type | Rotation type |
| scen32 | Scenario for development of roundwood production share from plantations |
| shock_scen32 | Scenario name of forest carbon shock |
| stockType | Carbon stock types |
| t_all(t_ext) | 5-year time periods |
| t_ext | 5-year time periods |
| t_future(t_all) | 5-year time periods |
| t_historical(t_all) | Historical period |
| t(t_all) | Simulated time periods |
| tcre32 | transient surface temperature response to CO2 emission (degree C per tC) |
| type | GAMS variable attribute used for the output |
| type32 | plantation type |
| w | Water supply type |
Florian Humpenöder, Abhijeet Mishra
09_drivers, 10_land, 11_costs, 12_interest_rate, 14_yields, 22_land_conservation, 29_cropland, 30_croparea, 35_natveg, 44_biodiversity, 52_carbon, 56_ghg_policy, 58_peatland, 73_timber