This module calculates water consumption and withdrawals from cooling in electricity production. The method and results are described detail in Mouratiadou et al. (2016).
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| Description | Unit | A | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pm_dataeta (tall, all_regi, all_te) |
read-in parameter for conversion efficiency of technologies that vary exogenously over time based on generisdata_varying_eta.prn file | \(efficiency (0..1)\) | x |
| pm_eta_conv (tall, all_regi, all_te) |
conversion efficiency of all energy technologies, only applying to technologies that do not have explicit time-dependant conversion efficiencies, still eta converges until 2050 to dataglob_values. | \(efficiency (0..1)\) | x |
| pm_omeg (all_regi, opTimeYr, all_te) |
technical depreciation parameter, gives the share of a capacity that is still usable after technical life time. | \(none/share, value between 0 and 1\) | x |
| pm_prodCouple (all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te, all_enty) |
own consumption | x | |
| pm_ts (tall) |
(t_n+1 - t_n-1)/2 for a timestep t_n | x | |
| sm_EJ_2_TWa | convert from Exa Joule to Tera Watt annum | x | |
| sm_TWa_2_EJ | convert from Tera Watt annum to Exa Joule | x | |
| sm_TWa_2_MWh | convert Tera Watt annum to Mega Wh | x | |
| sm_giga_2_non | giga to non | x | |
| vm_cap (tall, all_regi, all_te, rlf) |
net total capacities [TW] for energy conversion technologies, [GtC] for CCS chain in ccs2te (pipelines/injection) | x | |
| vm_capEarlyReti (tall, all_regi, all_te) |
fraction of early retired capacity from total standing capacity, can only be increased for technologies for which early retirement is switched on | \(share\) | x |
| vm_deltaCap (tall, all_regi, all_te, rlf) |
capacity additions [TW/yr] for energy conversion technologies, [GtC/yr^2] for CCS chain in ccs2te (pipelines/injection) | x | |
| vm_demPe (tall, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te) |
primary energy demand | \(TWa, Uranium: Mt Ur\) | x |
| vm_prodSe (tall, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te) |
secondary energy production (including only production as first product, not production as second (coupled) product) | \(TWa\) | x |
Water demand is calculated based on data on water demand coefficients (both for consumption and withdrawal) and cooling shares.
For thermal power plants, water demand is proportional to excess heat production, which is calculated as fuel input minus electricity output and smokestack losses (assumed to be 10% of fuel input for non-nuclear thermal power plants).
For non-biomass renewable technologies, water demand is proportional to electricty output.
The regional vintage structure of power plants enters the water demand calculation through the time- and region-dependent conversion efficiencies in the excess heat calculation, and also through time- and region-dependent shares of cooling technologies. Four cooling technologies are implemented: once trough, wet tower, dry tower and pond cooling. We assume a shift away from once-through cooling systems towards recirculating or dry cooling technologies.
Limitations Water demand is calculated in a post-processing of REMIND; there is no market-based decision making process for water allocation. Instead, a rule-based priorization is adopted: only 50% of available water is allowed to be used for agricultural purposes. Accordingly, there are no constraints on water quantity or quality for the expansion of water-intense technologies.
Water demand in sectors other than electricity is not represented.
The off-realization of the water module takes no water demand into account.
Limitations No water demand calculated.
| Description | Unit | A | |
|---|---|---|---|
| i70_cool_share_time (ttot2, all_regi, all_te, coolte70) |
cooling shares | x | |
| i70_efficiency (ttot, all_regi, all_te, coolte70) |
efficiency factor for cooling systems | \(0-1\) | x |
| i70_losses (all_te) |
smoke stack fuel input losses | \(\%\) | x |
| i70_water_con (all_te, coolte70) |
water consumption coefficients | x | |
| i70_water_wtd (all_te, coolte70) |
water withdrawal coefficients | x | |
| o70_se_production (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
secondary energy production | \(EJ/yr\) | x |
| o70_water_consumption (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
water consumption per technology | \(km3/yr\) | x |
| o70_water_withdrawal (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
water withdrawal per technology | \(km3/yr\) | x |
| p70_cap_vintages (ttot, all_regi, all_te, ttot2) |
capacity build in ttot2 still standing in ttot | \(GW\) | x |
| p70_cap_vintages_share (ttot, all_regi, all_te, ttot2) |
fraction of capacity build in ttot2 still standing in ttot out of total capacity in ttot | \(0-1\) | x |
| p70_heat (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te) |
excess heat | \(TWa\) | x |
| p70_water_con (all_regi, all_te, coolte70) |
water consumption coefficients per excess heat | \(m3/MWh\) | x |
| p70_water_output (ttot, all_regi, descr_water_ext) |
output | x | |
| p70_water_wtd (all_regi, all_te, coolte70) |
water withdrawal coefficients per excess heat | \(m3/MWh\) | x |
| description | |
|---|---|
| all_enty | all types of quantities |
| all_regi | all regions |
| all_te | all energy technologies, including from modules |
| coolte70 | cooling technologies |
| descr_water_ext | additional quantities (all extensive) to be written out in water reporting |
| descr_water_extd(descr_water_ext) | additional quantities (extensive denominators) to be written out in water reporting |
| descr_water_extn(descr_water_ext) | additional quantities (extensive numerators) to be written out in water reporting |
| descr_water_int(descr_water_ext) | additional quantities (intensive) to be written out in water reporting |
| descr_water_int2ext(descr_water_int, descr_water_extn, descr_water_extd) | ??? |
| enty(all_enty) | all types of quantities |
| entySe(all_enty) | secondary energy types |
| opTimeYr | actual lifetime of a built technology in years |
| opTimeYr2te(all_te, opTimeYr) | map each technology with its possible age |
| pc2te(all_enty, all_enty, all_te, all_enty) | mapping for own consumption of technologies |
| pe2se(all_enty, all_enty, all_te) | map primary energy carriers to secondary |
| regi(all_regi) | all regions used in the solution process |
| rlf | cost levels of fossil fuels |
| se2se(all_enty, all_enty, all_te) | map secondary energy to secondary energy using a technology |
| tall | time index, each year from 1900 to 3000 |
| te(all_te) | energy technologies |
| te2rlf(all_te, rlf) | all technologies to grades |
| teEtaConst(all_te) | Technologies with constant eta |
| teEtaIncr(all_te) | Technologies with time variable efficiency parameter eta |
| te_coolnoren70(all_te) | non-renewable electricity technologies that use cooling |
| te_coolren70(all_te) | renewable electricity technologies that use cooling |
| te_elcool70(all_te) | electricity technologies that use cooling |
| te_stack70(all_te) | electricity technologies that have a smoke stack |
| tsu2opTimeYr(ttot, opTimeYr) | map each model timestep with the possible age of technologies |
| ttot(tall) | time index with spin-up, years between 1900 and 2150 with 5 to 20 years time steps |
Ioanna Mouratiadou