Configuration (00_configuration)

Description

Configuration - Settings for Scenarios:

$setGlobal c_expname  default
$setGlobal c_description  REMIND run with default settings
$setGlobal c_model_version  REMIND model version will be automatically added during prepare.R
$setGlobal c_results_folder  REMIND results_folder will be automatically added during prepare.R

MODULES

——————— 01_macro —————————————–

(singleSectorGr) neo-classical, single sector growth model
(Investment_Inefficiencies) Investment losses due to domestic capital market inefficiencies

$setGlobal macro  singleSectorGr  !! def = singleSectorGr

——————— 02_welfare —————————————

(utilitarian) utilitarian aka. Benthamite social welfare function
(ineqLognormal) welfare function with subregional income distribution effects implemented with a lognormal approach

$setGlobal welfare  utilitarian  !! def = utilitarian

——————— 04_PE_FE_parameters ——————————

(iea2014): new PE-FE parameters based on IEA 2014

$setGlobal PE_FE_parameters  iea2014  !! def = iea2014

——————— 05_initialCap ————————————

(on): load existing CES parameters matching model configuration

$setGlobal initialCap  on             !! def = on

——————— 11_aerosols ————————————–

(exoGAINS2025): new realization with base year 2020 based on cleaned GAINS2025 data that enables to choose between CEDS and GAINS as source for baseyear emissions

$setGlobal aerosols  exoGAINS2025         !! def = exoGAINS2025

——————— 15_climate —————————————

(off): no climate coupling
(magicc7_ar6): MAGICC7 - iterative coupling of MAGICC7 simple climate model.

$setGlobal climate  off               !! def = off

——————— 16_downscaleTemperature ————————–

(off)
(CMIP5): downscale GMT to regional temperature based on CMIP5 data (between iterations, no runtime impact). [Requires climate = off, cm_rcp_scen = none, iterative_target_adj = 9]

$setGlobal downscaleTemperature  off  !! def = off

——————— 20_growth ——————————————

(exogenous): exogenous growth
(spillover): endogenous growth with spillover externality !!Warning: not yet calibrated!!

$setglobal growth  exogenous                !! def = exogenous

——————— 21_tax ——————————————

(on): tax mechanism active
(off): no tax mechanism

$setglobal tax  on           !! def = on

——————— 22_subsidizeLearning —————————–

(globallyOptimal): Only works with Nash, gives cooperative solution w.r.t. the learning spillover - this should then be equivalent to the Negishi solution.
(off): do not subsidize learning. Default setting for Negishi. With Nash, this gives the non-cooperative solution w.r.t. the learning spillover.

$setglobal subsidizeLearning  off           !! def = off

———————- 23_capitalMarket ——————————-

(imperfect): Imperfect capital market: brings initial consumption shares closer to empirical data
(debt_limit): Weak imperfection of capital market by debt and surplus growth limits

$setglobal capitalMarket  debt_limit           !! def = debt_limit

———————- 24_trade —————————————

(standard): macro-economic commodities and primary energy commodities trading
(se_trade): macro-economic commodities, primary energy commodities and secondary energy hydrogen and electricity trading
(capacity): capacity-based trade implementation

$setglobal trade  standard           !! def = standard

——————— 25_WACC ——————————————

(standard): WACC like tax
(off): no WACC

$setglobal WACC  off         !! def = standard

———————- 26_agCosts —————————————-

(off): agricultural costs zero, no trade taken into account
(costs): includes total landuse costs
(costs_trade): includes agricultural production costs and the MAgPIE trade balance

$setglobal agCosts  costs       !! def = costs

——————— 29_CES_parameters —————————-

(load): load existing CES parameters matching model configuration
(calibrate): calculate new CES parameters based on v_cesIO trajectories – under development!

$setglobal CES_parameters  load   !! def = load

——————— 30_biomass —————————————-

(magpie): using biomass supply curves derived from MAgpIE

$setglobal biomass  magpie     !! def = magpie

——————— 31_fossil —————————————-

(timeDepGrades): time-dependent grade structure of fossil resources (oil & gas only)
(grades2poly) : simplified version of the time-dependent grade realization (using polynomial functions)
(exogenous) : exogenous fossil extraction and costs
(MOFEX) : contains the standalone version of MOFEX (Model Of Fossil EXtraction), which minimizes the discounted extraction and trade costs of fossils while balancing trade for each time step. Not to be run within a REMIND run but instead through the standalone architecture or soft-linked with REMIND (not yet implemented)

$setglobal fossil  grades2poly        !! def = grades2poly

——————— 32_power —————————————-

(IntC) : Power sector formulation with Integration Cost (IntC) markups and curtailment for VRE integration - linearly increasing with VRE share -, and fixed capacity factors for dispatchable power plants

$setglobal power  IntC        !! def = IntC

——————— 33_carbonRemoval ———————————

(portfolio) : CDR options added via switches: cm_33[option abbreviation]

$setglobal carbonRemoval  portfolio        !! def = portfolio

——————— 35_transport —————————————-

(edge_esm): transport realization with iterative coupling to logit-based transport model EDGE-Transport with detailed representation of transport modes and technologies

$setglobal transport  edge_esm           !! def = edge_esm

——————— 36_buildings ———————————

(simple): representation of final energy demand via a CES function calibrated to EDGE-Buildings’ demand trajectories

$setglobal buildings  simple      !! def = simple

——————— 37_industry ———————————-

(subsectors): models industry subsectors explicitly with individual CES nests for cement, chemicals, steel, and otherInd production.

$setglobal industry  subsectors   !! def = subsectors

——————— 39_carbonUtilization ——————————-

(on): representation of technologies for producing synthetic liquids and synthetic gases based on hydrogen and captured carbon
(off): no representation of carbon capture and utilization technologies.

$setglobal carbonUtilization  on      !! def = on

——————— 40_techpol —————————————-

(none): no technology policies
(lowCarbonPush): [works only with Negishi] global low-carbon push until 2030: PV, CSP, Wind, Gas-CCS, Bio-CCS and Electromobility
(coalPhaseout): [works only with Negishi] global phase-out of new freely-emitting coal conversion, caps all coal routes with the exception of coaltr: coal solids can still expand
(coalPhaseoutRegional): [works only with Negishi] global phase-out of new freely-emitting coal conversion, caps all coal routes with the exception of coaltr: coal solids can still expand
(CombLowCandCoalPO): [works only with Negishi] combination of lowCarbonPush and coalPhaseout
(NDC): Technology targets for 2030 for spv,windon,tnrs.
(NPi): Reference technology targets, mostly already enacted (N)ational (P)olicies (i)mplemented, mostly for 2020
(EVmandates): mandate for electric vehicles - used for UBA project

$setglobal techpol  NPi2025           !! def = NPi2025

——————— 41_emicapregi —————————————-

(none): no regional emission caps
(CandC): contraction and convergence allocation (under construction)
(GDPint): GDP intensity allocation (under construction)
(POPint): sovereignity (per cap.) allocation (under construction)
(exog): exogenous emission cap path (generic) (under construction)
(PerCapitaConvergence): based on CandC: convergence, to be run with emiscen = 4
(AbilityToPay): mitigation requirement shared based on per-capita GDP, to be run with emiscen = 4

$setglobal emicapregi  none           !! def = none

——————— 45_carbonprice —————————————-

This module defines the carbon price pm_taxCO2eq, with behaviour across regions governed by similar principles (e.g. global targets, or all following NDC or NPi policies).

(functionalForm): [REMIND default for peak budget and end-of-century budget runs]
Carbon price trajectory follows a prescribed functional form (linear/exponential) - either until peak year or until end-of-century -
and can be endogenously adjusted to meet CO2 budget targets - either peak or end-of-century - that are formulated in terms of total cumulated CO2 emissions from 2020 (cm_budgetCO2from2020).
For global targets, flexible choices for regional carbon price differentiation.
Four main design choices:

                           The functional form (linear/exponential) of the global anchor trajectory is chosen via cm_taxCO2_functionalForm [default = linear].

                           The (initial) carbon price in cm_startyear is chosen via cm_taxCO2_startyear. This value is endogenously adjusted to meet CO2 budget targets if cm_iterative_target_adj is set to 5, 7, or 9.

                           (linear):      The linear curve is determined by the two points (cm_taxCO2_historicalYr, cm_taxCO2_historical) and either (cm_startyear, cm_taxCO2_startyear) or (cm_peakBudgYr, cm_taxCO2_peakBudgYr) - see describtions of switches for more details.

                                          By default, cm_taxCO2_historicalYr is the last timestep before cm_startyear, and cm_taxCO2_historical is the carbon price in that timestep in the reference run (path_gdx_ref) - computed as the maximum of pm_taxCO2eq over all regions.

                           (exponential): The exponential curve is determined by exponential growth rate (cm_taxCO2_expGrowth).

[Regional differentiation]: Regional carbon price differentiation relative to global anchor trajectory is chosen via cm_taxCO2_regiDiff [default = initialSpread10].

                           In addition, the carbon prices provided by path_gdx_ref can be used as a lower bound based on the switch cm_taxCO2_lowerBound_path_gdx_ref [def = on].

(expoLinear): 4.5% exponential increase until cm_expoLinear_yearStart, transitioning into linear increase thereafter
(exogenous): carbon price is specified using an external input file or using the switch cm_regiExoPrice. Requires cm_emiscen = 9 and cm_iterative_target_adj = 0
(temperatureNotToExceed): [see realization for details. Test and verify before using it! ]
(NDC): implements a carbon price trajectory consistent with the NDC targets (up to 2030) and a trajectory of comparable ambition post 2030 (1.25%/yr price increase and regional convergence of carbon price). Choose version using cm_NDC_version “2023_cond”, “2023_uncond”, or replace 2023 by 2022, 2021 or 2018 to get all NDC published until end of these years.
(NPi): National Policies Implemented, extrapolation of historical (until 2020) carbon prices
(none): no tax policy (combined with all emiscens except emiscen = 9)
(functionalFormRegi): [Under development!] Regional EOC budgets

                           The starting conditions are set as for functionalForm (see above), unless path_gdx is provided. Then, information from input.gdx is used for the first iteration.

                           Linear carbon shapes can be either shifted up and down in cm_startyear or the slope can be endogenously adjusted to meet the target via [cm_CPslopeAdjustment].

[peaking behavior]: The carbon price path can be chosen to peak in a specified year or in 2100 via [cm_taxCO2_Shape] and [cm_peakBudgYr].

                           When a peaking shape is chosen, the peak year is set for all regions the same, and is not adjusted endogenously, i.e. it differs from the regional and global peak years!

[regional carbon budgets]: Carbon budgets can currently only be determined for 2100. The global [cm_budgetCO2from2020] is multiplied with each region’s share in it, given by [cm_budgetCO2from2020RegiShare].

                           The carbon prices provided by path_gdx_ref can be used as a lower bound based on the switch cm_taxCO2_lowerBound_path_gdx_ref [def = on]. BEWARE: This may lead to overachievement of the region's

```
                           EOC budget.
```

$setglobal carbonprice  NPi2025           !! def = NPi2025

——————— 46_carbonpriceRegi ———————————

This module applies a markup pm_taxCO2eqRegi on top of pm_taxCO2eq to achieve additional intermediate targets.

(none): no regional carbonprice policies
(netZero): implements a regional carbon price markup so that regions reach their net-zero targets; for partial targets, use cm_netZeroPercent

$setglobal carbonpriceRegi  none      !! def = none

——————— 47_regipol —————————————–

The regiCarbonPrice realisation defines more detailed region or emissions market specific targets, overwriting the behaviour of pm_taxCO2eq and pm_taxCO2eqRegi for these regions.

(none): no regional policies
(regiCarbonPrice): region-specific policies and refinements (regional emissions targets, co2 prices, phase-out policies etc.)

$setglobal regipol  regiCarbonPrice              !! def = regiCarbonPrice

——————— 50_damages —————————————

(off): no damages on GDP
(DiceLike): DICE-like damages (linear-quadratic damages on GDP). Choose specification via cm_damage_DiceLike_specification
(BurkeLike): Burke-like damages (growth rate damages on GDP). Choose specification via cm_damage_BurkeLike_specification and cm_damage_BurkeLike_persistenceTime
(KotzWenz): damage function based on Kotz et al. (2024)
(KWLike): Damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020)
(KW_SE): Damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020), but for the upper bound of the damages based on their standard error calculation
(KWTCint): Combines aggregate damages from Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020) and tropical cyclone damages from Krichene et al. (2022)
(Labor): Labor supply damages from Dasgupta et al. (2021)
(TC): tropical cyclone damages from Krichene et al. (2022)
(COACCH): bottom-up damage function from the COACCH project (van der Wijst et al. 2023)

$setGlobal damages  off               !! def = off

——————— 51_internalizeDamages —————————-

(off):
(DiceLikeItr): Internalize DICE-like damages (calculate the SCC) adjust cm_damages_SccHorizon. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(BurkeLikeItr): Internalize Burke-like damages (calculate the SCC) adjust cm_damages_SccHorizo. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(KotzWenzItr): Internalize KotzWenz damages (calculate the SCC). Requires cm_emiscen set to 9.
(KWlikeItr): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020). Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(KWlikeItrCPnash): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020), but with Nash SCC, i.e. each region only internalizes its own damages. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(KWlikeItrCPreg): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020), but with regional SCC instead of a global uniform price. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(KW_SEitr): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020) for upper limit based on standard error. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(KWTCintItr): Internalize combined damages from Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020) and from tropical cyclones. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(LabItr): Internalize labor supply damages based on Dasgupta et al. (2021). Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(TCitr): Internalize tropical cyclone damage function based on Krichene et al. (2022). Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(COACCHitr): Internalize COACCH damage function. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9

$setGlobal internalizeDamages  off               !! def = off

——————— 52_internalizeLCAimpacts —————————-

(off): No internalization
(coupled): Run LCA internalization workflow in between iterations

$setGlobal internalizeLCAimpacts  off               !! def = off

——————— 70_water ——————————————-

(off): no water demand taken into account
(heat): as exogenous only that vintage structure in combination with time dependent cooling shares as vintages and efficiency factors are also considered and demand is a function of excess heat as opposed to electricity output

$setglobal water  heat                 !! def = heat

——————— 80_optimization ———————————-

(nash): Nash solution. Adjust cm_nash_autoconverge to needs.
(negishi): calculates a Negishi solution (social planner)
(testOneRegi): solves the problem for one region for given prices (taken from gdx). ! Warning: For development purposes only !

$setGlobal optimization  nash         !! def = nash

——————— 81_codePerformance ——————————-

(off): nothing happens
(on): test code performance: numerous (30) successive runs performed in a triangle, tax0, tax30, tax150, all growing exponentially.

$setGlobal codePerformance  off       !! def = off

SWITCHES

parameter
  cm_nash_mode              "mode for solving nash problem"
;
  cm_nash_mode           = 2;     !! def = 2  !! regexp = 1|2

(1): debug - all regions are run in a sequence and the lst-file will contain information on infeasiblities
(2): parallel - all regions are run in parallel

parameter
  cm_iteration_max          "number of iterations, if optimization is set to negishi or testOneRegi; is overwritten in Nash mode, except if cm_nash_autoconverge is set to 0"
;
  cm_iteration_max       = 1;     !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_abortOnConsecFail      "number of iterations of consecutive infeasibilities/failures to solve for one region, after which the run automatically switches to serial debug mode"
;
  cm_abortOnConsecFail   = 2;     !! def = 2  !! regexp = [0-9]+

parameter
  cm_solver_try_max          "maximum number of inner iterations within one Negishi iteration (<10)"
;
  cm_solver_try_max       = 2;     !! def = 2

set to at least five by testOneRegi

parameter
  c_keep_iteration_gdxes    "save intermediate iteration gdxes"
;
  c_keep_iteration_gdxes = 0;     !! def = 0  !! regexp = 0|1

in default we do not save gdx files from each iteration to limit the number of the output files but this might be helpful for debugging

1. gdx files from each iteration are NOT saved
1. gdx files from each iteration are saved

parameter
  cm_keep_presolve_gdxes    "save gdxes for all regions/solver tries/nash iterations for debugging"
;
  cm_keep_presolve_gdxes  = 0;     !! def = 0  !! regexp = 0|1

parameter
  cm_nash_autoconverge      "choice of nash convergence mode"
;
  cm_nash_autoconverge   = 1;     !! def = 1  !! regexp = [0-3]

(0): manually set number of iterations by adjusting cm_iteration_max
(1): run until solution is sufficiently converged - coarse tolerances, quick solution. ! do not use in production runs !
(2): run until solution is sufficiently converged - fine tolerances, for production runs.
(3): run until solution is sufficiently converged using very relaxed targets - very coarse tolerances, two times higher than option 1. ! do not use in production runs !

parameter
  cm_MAgPIE_Nash      "run MAgPIE between Nash iterations"
;
  cm_MAgPIE_Nash   = 0;     !! def = 0  !! regexp = [0-1]

(0): REMIND runs standalone (emission factors are used, shiftfactors are set to zero)
(1): MAgPIE runs between certain Nash iterations (emission factors are set to zero because emissions are retrieved from the MAgPIE reporting, shift factors for supply curves are calculated)

parameter
  cm_emiscen                "policy scenario choice"
;
  cm_emiscen        = 9;               !! def = 9  !!  regexp = 0|1|4|6|9|10

(0): no global budget. Policy may still be prescribed by 41_emicaprei module.
(1): BAU
(4): emission time path
(6): budget
(9): tax scenario (requires running module 21_tax “on”), tax level controlled by module 45_carbonprice, other GHG etc. controlled by cm_rcp_scen
(10): used for cost-benefit analysis JeS WARNING: data for cm_emiscen 4 only exists for cm_multigasscen 2 bau scenarios and for cm_multigasscen 1

parameter
  cm_taxCO2_startyear    "level of co2 tax in start year in $ per t CO2eq"
;
  cm_taxCO2_startyear = -1;     !! def = -1  !! regexp = -1|is.nonnegative

(-1): default setting equivalent to no carbon tax, or cm_taxCO2_peakBudgYr being used to specify carbon tax instead of cm_taxCO2_startyear
(any number >= 0): CO2 tax in start year [if cm_iterative_target_adj eq 0];

               initialization of CO2 tax in start year [if cm_iterative_target_adj eq 5, 7, 8 or 9]

parameter
  cm_taxCO2_peakBudgYr    "level of co2 tax in peak budget year (cm_peakBudgYr) in $ per t CO2eq"
;
  cm_taxCO2_peakBudgYr = -1;     !! def = -1  !! regexp = -1|is.nonnegative

Switch to alternatively specify (initial) CO2 tax in peak budget year (cm_peakBudgYr) instead of start year (cm_startyear) When using this switch, cm_taxCO2_startyear must be set to -1 * (-1): default setting equivalent to switch not being used * (any number >= 0): CO2 tax in peak budget year (cm_peakBudgYr) [if cm_iterative_target_adj eq 0]; * initialization of CO2 tax in peak budget year (cm_peakBudgYr) [if cm_iterative_target_adj eq 5, 7, 8 or 9]

parameter
  cm_taxCO2_expGrowth         "growth rate of carbon tax"
;
  cm_taxCO2_expGrowth = 1.045;            !! def = 1.045  !! regexp = is.numeric

(any number >= 0): rate of exponential increase over time, default value chosen to be consistent with interest rate

parameter
  cm_budgetCO2from2020   "CO2 budget for all economic sectors starting from 2020 (GtCO2). It can be either peak budget, but can also be an end-of-century budget"
;
  cm_budgetCO2from2020      = 0;   !! def = 0

budgets from AR6 for 2020-2100 (including 2020), for 1.5 C: 500 Gt CO2 peak budget (400 Gt CO2 end of century), for 2 C: 1150 Gt CO2

parameter
  cm_budgetCO2_absDevTol  "convergence criterion for global CO2 budget set via cm_budgetCO2from2020. It is formulated as an absolute deviation from the target budget [GtCO2]."
;
  cm_budgetCO2_absDevTol      = 2;   !! def = 2 !! regexp = is.nonnegative

Under development: also used as tolerated budget deviation for each region’s budget target with 45_carbonprice/functionalFormRegi

parameter
  cm_peakBudgYr       "time of global net-zero CO2 emissions (peak budget)"
;
  cm_peakBudgYr            = 2050;   !! def = 2050

time of global net-zero CO2 emissions (peak budget) endogenous adjustment by algorithms in 45_carbonprice/functionalForm/postsolve.gms [requires emiscen = 9 and cm_iterative_target_adj = 7 or 9] Under development: If used with 45_carbonprice/functionalForm(REGI) and cm_taxCO2_Shape = 2, it determines the peak of the carbon price

parameter
  cm_taxCO2_IncAfterPeakBudgYr "annual increase of CO2 tax after cm_peakBudgYr in $ per tCO2"
;
  cm_taxCO2_IncAfterPeakBudgYr = 0; !! def = 0 . For weak targets (higher than 1100 Peak Budget), this value might need to increased to prevent continually increasing temperatures

parameter
  sm_peakbudget_diff_tolerance  "convergence criterion for allowed difference between cumulative emissions in peak budget year and year of maximum cumulative emissions if both years are not the same. It is formulated as an absolute deviation from the target budget [GtCO2]"
;
  sm_peakbudget_diff_tolerance      = 5;   !! def = 5 !! regexp = is.nonnegative
parameter
  cm_expoLinear_yearStart   "time at which carbon price increases linearly instead of exponentially"
;
  cm_expoLinear_yearStart  = 2050;   !! def = 2050

parameter
  cm_taxCO2_regiDiff "switch for choosing the regional carbon price differentiation scheme in 45_carbonprice/functionalForm"
;
  cm_taxCO2_regiDiff = 6; !! def = 6 !! regexp = 0|1|2|3|5|6|7|8|10

Switch can either be set to a specific scenario (e.g. “ScenarioMIP2070”) or to “manual”. If specific scenario is chosen, settings can be adjusted via cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_convergence and cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_startyearValue. If set to manual, settings must be provided via cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_convergence and cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_startyearValue. * (0): none - No regional differentiation, i.e. globally uniform carbon pricing * (1): initialSpread10 - Maximal initial spread of carbon prices in 2030 between OECD regions and poorest region is equal to 10. Initial spread for each region determined based on GDP per capita (PPP) in 2030. By default, carbon prices converge using quadratic phase-in until 2050. Convergence scheme can be adjusted with cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_convergence. * (2): initialSpread20 - Maximal initial spread of carbon prices in 2030 between OECD regions and poorest region is equal to 20. Initial spread for each region determined based on GDP per capita (PPP) in 2030. By default, carbon prices converge using quadratic phase-in until 2070. Convergence scheme can be adjusted with cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_convergence. * (3): gdpSpread - Regional differentiation based on GDP per capita (PPP) throughout the century. Uses current GDP per capita (PPP) of OECD countries - around 50’000 US$2017 - as threshold for application of full carbon price. * (5): ScenarioMIP2035 - Carbon price differentiation with convergence year 2035 - used in ScenarioMIP - that takes carbon prices from path_gdx_ref or cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_startyearValue as starting point and assumes regionally differentiated speed of convergence to global anchor trajectory * (6): ScenarioMIP2050 - Carbon price differentiation with convergence year 2050 - used in ScenarioMIP - that takes carbon prices from path_gdx_ref or cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_startyearValue as starting point and assumes regionally differentiated speed of convergence to global anchor trajectory * (7): ScenarioMIP2070 - Carbon price differentiation with convergence year 2070 - used in ScenarioMIP - that takes carbon prices from path_gdx_ref or cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_startyearValue as starting point and assumes regionally differentiated speed of convergence to global anchor trajectory * (8): ScenarioMIP2100 - Carbon price differentiation with convergence year 2100 - used in ScenarioMIP - that takes carbon prices from path_gdx_ref or cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_startyearValue as starting point and assumes regionally differentiated speed of convergence to global anchor trajectory * (10): manual - Enables manual specification of regional carbon price differentiation based on cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_convergence and cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_startyearValue

parameter
  cm_taxCO2_interpolation "switch for interpolation between (a) carbonprice trajectory given by path_gdx_ref and (b) carbonprice trajectory defined in 45_carbonprice"
;
  cm_taxCO2_interpolation = 0; !! def = 0 !! regexp = 0|1|2

(0): no interpolation, i.e. (b) is used from cm_startyear onward. This must be chosen if regional carbon prices are manually set via cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_startyearValue.
(1): one step interpolation, i.e. linear interpolation within 10 years between (a) and (b). For example, if cm_startyear = 2030, it uses (a) until 2025, the average of (a) and (b) in 2030, and (b) from 2035.
(2): two steps interpolation, i.e. linear interpolation within 15 years between (a) and (b). For example, if cm_startyear = 2030, it uses (a) until 2025, weighted averages of (a) and (b) in 2030 and 2035, and (b) from 2040.

parameter 
  cm_taxCO2_lowerBound_path_gdx_ref "switch for choosing if carbon price trajectories from path_gdx_ref are used as lower bound"
;
  cm_taxCO2_lowerBound_path_gdx_ref = 1; !! def = 1 !! regexp = 0|1

(1): carbon price trajectories (pm_taxCO2eq) from path_gdx_ref are used as lower bound for pm_taxCO2eq
(0): no lower bound

parameter
  c_macscen                 "scenario switch on whether or not to use MAC (Marginal Abatement Cost) for certain sectors not related to direct combustion of fossil fuel, e.g. fugitive emissions from old mines, forestry, agriculture and cement"
;
  c_macscen         = 1;               !! def = 1  !! regexp = 1|2

(1): on
(2): off

parameter
  cm_nucscen                "nuclear option choice"
;
  cm_nucscen       = 2;        !! def = 2  !! regexp = 1|2|5|6

(1): default, no restriction, let nuclear be endogenously invested
(2): no fnrs, tnrs with restricted new builds until 2030 (based on current data on plants under construction, planned or proposed)
(5): no new nuclear investments after 2020
(6): +33% investment costs for tnrs under SSP5, uranium resources increased by a factor of 10

parameter
  cm_ccapturescen       "carbon capture option choice, no carbon capture only if CCS and CCU are switched off!"
;
  cm_ccapturescen  = 1;        !! def = 1  !! regexp = [1-4]

(1): yes
(2): no carbon capture (only if CCS and CCU are switched off!)
(3): no bio carbon capture
(4): no carbon capture in the electricity sector

parameter
  c_bioliqscen              "2nd generation bioenergy liquids technology choice"
;
  c_bioliqscen     = 1;        !! def = 1  !! regexp = 0|1

(0): no technologies
(1): all technologies

parameter
  c_bioh2scen               "bioenergy hydrogen technology choice"
;
  c_bioh2scen      = 1;        !! def = 1  !! regexp = 0|1

(0): no technologies
(1): all technologies

parameter
  c_shGreenH2               "lower bound on share of green hydrogen in all hydrogen from 2030 onwards"
;
  c_shGreenH2      = 0;        !! def = 0  !! regexp = is.share

(a number between 0 and 1): share

parameter
  c_shBioTrans              "upper bound on share of bioliquids in transport from 2025 onwards"
;
  c_shBioTrans     = 1;        !! def = 1  !! regexp = is.share

(a number between 0 and 1): share

parameter
  cm_shSynLiq               "lower bound on share of synfuels in SE liquids by 2045, gradual scale-up before"
;
  cm_shSynLiq    = 0;          !! def = 0  !! regexp = is.share

(a number between 0 and 1): share

parameter
  cm_shSynGas               "lower bound on share of synthetic gas in SE gases by 2045, gradual scale-up before"
;
  cm_shSynGas      = 0;        !! def = 0  !! regexp = is.share

parameter
  cm_IndCCSscen             "CCS for Industry"
;
  cm_IndCCSscen          = 1;        !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_optimisticMAC          "assume optimistic Industry MAC from AR5 Ch. 10?"
;
  cm_optimisticMAC       = 0;        !! def = 0

parameter
  cm_CCS_cement             "CCS for cement sub-sector"
;
  cm_CCS_cement          = 1;        !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_CCS_chemicals          "CCS for chemicals sub-sector"
;
  cm_CCS_chemicals       = 1;        !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_CCS_steel              "CCS for steel sub-sector"
;
  cm_CCS_steel           = 1;        !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_bioenergy_SustTax      "level of the bioenergy sustainability tax in fraction of bioenergy price"
;
  cm_bioenergy_SustTax   = 1.5;      !! def = 1.5

Only effective if 21_tax is on. The tax is only applied to purpose grown 2nd generation (lignocellulosic) biomass and the level increases linearly with bioenergy demand. A value of 1 refers to a tax level of 100% at a production of 200 EJ per yr globally (implies 50% at 100 EJ per yr or 150% at 300 EJ per yr, for example).

(0): setting equivalent to no tax
(1.5): (default), implying a tax level of 150% at a demand of 200 EJ per yr (or 75% at 100 EJ per yr)
(any number ge 0): defines tax level at 200 EJ per yr

parameter
  cm_bioenergy_EF_for_tax   "bioenergy emission factor that is used to derive a bioenergy tax [kgCO2 per GJ]"
;
  cm_bioenergy_EF_for_tax  = 0;        !! def = 0

Only effective if 21_tax is on, applied to all regions specified by cm_regi_bioenergy_EFTax. Please note that the tax, which is derived from this emission factor, is not the same as the sustainabilty tax described above. Please also note that the emission factor is only used to inform the tax level, i.e. associated emissions do not enter the emissions balance equations.

1. off
1. Sets the emission factor to 20 kgCO2 per GJ, which for example results in a tax of 2 $ per GJ (primary energy) at a carbon price of 100 $ per tCO2: 20 kgCO2 per GJ * 100 $ per tCO2 eq 0.02 tCO2 per GJ * 100 $ per tCO2 eq 2 $ per GJ

parameter
  cm_tradecostBio           "choose financial tradecosts multiplier for biomass (purpose grown pebiolc)"
;
  cm_tradecostBio     = 1;         !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_1stgen_phaseout        "scenario setting for phase-out of 1st generation biofuels"
;
  cm_1stgen_phaseout  = 0;         !! def = 0  !! regexp = 0|1

(0): no phase-out. Production of 1st generation biofuels after 2045 is bound from below by 90% of maximum resource potential (“maxprod”). In MAgPIE, set ‘c60_1stgen_biodem’ to ‘const20xx’.
(1): phase-out. No new capacities for 1st generation biofuel technologies are built after 2030 (i.e. added capacity vm_deltaCap equals 0), in practice this means a slow phaseout of 1st generation biofuel due to lack of economic competitiveness. Bioenergy production is bound from below by 90% of maximum biomass resource potential in 2045. In MAgPIE, set ‘c60_1stgen_biodem’ to ‘phaseout20xx’. The consistency between REMIND and MAgPIE switches is checked by scripts/start/checkSettingsRemMag.R

parameter
  cm_phaseoutBiolc          "Switch that allows for a full phaseout of all bioenergy technologies globally"
;
  cm_phaseoutBiolc    = 0;         !! def = 0  !! regexp = 0|1

parameter
  cm_startyear              "first optimized modelling time step [year]"
;
  cm_startyear        = 2005;      !! def = 2005 for a baseline  !! regexp = 20[0-9](0|5)

(2005): standard for baseline to check if model is well calibrated
(2015): standard for all policy runs (eq. to fix2010), NDC, NPi and production baselines, especially if various baselines with varying parameters are explored
(….): later start for delay policy runs, eg. 2025 for what used to be delay2020

parameter
  cm_LTSstartYr "[46_carbonpriceRegi] First year activating a regional carbon price markup to reach net-zero targets (Long-Term Strategy)"
;
  cm_LTSstartYr = 2040;        !! def = 2040  !! regexp = 20[2-9](0|5)

(2040): NDC-LTS scenario: default start of rescaling is 2040, which allows meeting 2035 NDC targets
(2030): LTS scenario: from 2030 onward, regions see a carbon price markup to reach their net-zero targets, so they may overshoot NDC targets

parameter
  cm_LTSendYr "[46_carbonpriceRegi] Year at which pm_taxCO2eqRegi drops to zero after having decreased linearly since the net-zero year"
;
  cm_LTSendYr = 0;        !! def = 0  !! regexp = [0-9]+

(0): Regional markup carbon price in target year then applies forever
(2200): Regional markup carbon price diminishes from target year toward reaching zero in 2200

parameter
  cm_netZeroPercent "[46_carbonpriceRegi] Share of emissions allowed at the target year of a country with a net-zero target [1]"
;
  cm_netZeroPercent = 0; !! def = 0

setting 0.2 is in some scenarios of NGFS phase 6 (2026), allowing countries to keep 20% of 2025 emissions in net-zero year

parameter
  c_start_budget            "start of GHG budget limit"
;
  c_start_budget      = 2100;      !! def = 2100

parameter
  cm_prtpScen               "pure rate of time preference standard values"
;
  cm_prtpScen         = 1;         !! def = 1  !! regexp = 1|3

(1): 1.5 %
(3): 3 %

parameter
  cm_fetaxscen              "choice of final energy tax path and subsidy path, values other than zero enable final energy tax"
;
  cm_fetaxscen        = 3;         !! def = 3  !! regexp = [0-5]

even if set to 0, the PE inconvenience cost per SO2-cost for coal are always on if module 21_tax is on * (0): no FE tax, constant PE2SE tax, no FE and ResEx sub * (1): constant FE and PE2SE tax, constant FE and ResEx sub (used in SSP3 and SSP 5) * (2): converging FE tax (-2050), constant PE2SE tax, phased out FE and ResEx sub (-2035) (used in SSP 1) * (3): constant FE and PE2SE tax, phased out FE and ResEx sub (-2050) (used in SSP 2) * (4): constant FE and PE2SE tax, phased out FE and ResEx sub (-2035) * (5): rollback FE tax (-2035), no PE2SE tax, constant FE and ResEx sub (used in rollback scenarios to get back to a no-policy case (previously known as BAU))

parameter
  cm_distrBeta              "elasticity of tax revenue redistribution"
;
  cm_distrBeta        = 1;       !! def = 1  !! regexp = 0|1

(0): equal per capita redistribution (1): proportional redistribution

parameter
  cm_multigasscen           "scenario on GHG portfolio to be included in permit trading scheme"
;
  cm_multigasscen     = 3;         !! def = 3  !! regexp = [1-3]

(1): CO2 only
(2): all GHG
(3): all GHG excl CO2 emissions from LULUCF

parameter
  c_budgetscen            "specify the emissions included in the emissions budget used in functionalFormRegi"
;
  c_budgetscen = 4;         !! def = 4  !! regexp = [1-8]

(1): incl. other GHGs, incl. LULUCF CO2, incl. bunkers
(2): incl. other GHGs, incl. LULUCF CO2, excl. bunkers
(3): incl. other GHGs, excl. LULUCF CO2, excl. bunkers !! = JustMIP.
(4): excl. other GHGs, incl. LULUCF CO2, incl. bunkers !! = REMIND default for global CO2 budget runs
(5): excl. other GHGs, excl. LULUCF CO2, incl. bunkers
(6): excl. other GHGs, excl. LULUCF CO2, excl. bunkers Note: whether the LULUCF CO2 and the GHG emissions are taxed or not is determined by cm_multigasscen! There are two main perspectives:

policy perspective incl. GHG emissions, excl. bunkers, LULUCF w/ national accounting. Currently, LULUCF can only be excluded (due to poor data quality, i.e. (3)), or use the model LULUCF data (i.e.(2)).
modeling perspective starting from the emissions included in the reference run, i.e. typically including all CO2 emissions (4).

parameter
  cm_permittradescen        "scenario on permit trade"
;
  cm_permittradescen  = 1;         !! def = 1  !! regexp = [1-3]

(1): full permit trade (no restrictions)
(2): no permit trade (only domestic mitigation)
(3): limited trade (certain percentage of permits)

parameter
  cm_permitTradeFinalYr        "[TradingOnRef] Year until permit trading is allowed"
;
  cm_permitTradeFinalYr  = 2100;         !! def = 2100

parameter
  cm_permitTradeRatio        "[TradingOnRef] Share of emissions allowed for permit trading between 0 and 1"
;
  cm_permitTradeRatio  = 0.2;         !! def = 0.2

parameter
  cm_rentdiscoil            "[grades2poly] discount factor for the oil rent"
;
  cm_rentdiscoil      = 0.2;       !! def = 0.2

parameter
  cm_rentdiscoil2           "[grades2poly] discount factor for the oil rent achieved in 2100"
;
  cm_rentdiscoil2     = 0.9;       !! def = 0.9

parameter
  cm_rentconvoil            "[grades2poly] number of years required to converge to the 2100 oil rent"
;
  cm_rentconvoil      = 50;        !! def = 50

parameter
  cm_rentdiscgas            "[grades2poly] discount factor for the gas rent"
;
  cm_rentdiscgas      = 0.6;       !! def = 0.6

parameter
  cm_rentdiscgas2           "[grades2poly] discount factor for the gas rent achieved in 2100"
;
  cm_rentdiscgas2     = 0.8;       !! def = 0.8

parameter
  cm_rentconvgas            "[grades2poly] number of years required to converge to the 2100 gas rent"
;
  cm_rentconvgas      = 50;        !! def = 50

parameter
  cm_rentdisccoal           "[grades2poly] discount factor for the coal rent"
;
  cm_rentdisccoal     = 0.4;       !! def = 0.4

parameter
  cm_rentdisccoal2          "[grades2poly] discount factor for the coal rent achieved in 2100"
;
  cm_rentdisccoal2    = 0.6;       !! def = 0.6

parameter
  cm_rentconvcoal           "[grades2poly] number of years required to converge to the 2100 coal rent"
;
  cm_rentconvcoal     = 50;        !! def = 50

parameter
  c_cint_scen               "additional GHG emissions from mining fossil fuels"
;
  c_cint_scen           = 1;         !! def = 1  !! regexp = 0|1

(0): switch is off (emissions are not accounted)
(1): switch is on (emissions are accounted)

parameter
  cm_so2tax_scen            "level of SO2 tax"
;
  cm_so2tax_scen        = 1;         !! def = 1  !! regexp = [0-4]

(0): so2 tax is set to zero
(1): so2 tax is low
(2): so2 tax is standard
(3): so2 tax is high
(4): so2 tax intermediary between 1 and 2, multiplying (1) tax by the ratio (3) and (2)

parameter
  c_ccsinjecratescen        "CCS injection rate factor applied to total regional storage potentials, yielding an upper bound on annual injection"
;
  c_ccsinjecratescen    = 1;         !! def = 1  !! regexp = [0-6]

This switch determines the upper bound of the annual CCS injection rate. CCS here refers to carbon sequestration, carbon capture is modelled separately. * (0) no “CCS” as in no carbon sequestration at all * (1) reference case: 0.005; max 19.7 GtCO2/yr globally * (2) lower estimate: 0.0025; max 9.8 GtCO2/yr globally * (3) upper estimate: 0.0075; max 29.5 GtCO2/yr globally * (4) unconstrained: 1; max 3900 GtCO2/yr globally * (5) sustainability case: 0.001; max 3.9 GtCO2/yr globally * (6) intermediate estimate: 0.0022; max 8.6 GtCO2/yr globally

parameter
  c_ccscapratescen          "CCS capture rate"
;
  c_ccscapratescen      = 1;         !! def = 1  !! regexp = 1|2

This flag determines the CO2 capture rate of selected CCS technologies * (1) reference (90%) * (2) increased capture rate (99%)

Parameter c_geoStorPotScen "select the amount of geological storage potential for CO2 offshore and onshore"
;
c_geoStorPotScen = 3;    !! def = 3  !! regexp = [1-3]

This switch determines the upper bound of the total geological storage potential for CO2 (onshore + offshore). * (1) high: technical potential without any exclusion layers applied * (2) low: applying all exclusion layers described in Gidden 2025, Table S1 of https://zenodo.org/records/15657543 * (3) old: formerly used scenario when there was only one grade

parameter
  c_export_tax_scen         "choose which oil export tax is used in the model. 0 = none, 1 = fix"
;
  c_export_tax_scen     = 0;         !! def = 0  !! regexp = 0|1

parameter
  cm_iterative_target_adj   "settings on iterative adjustment for CO2 tax based on in-iteration emission or forcing level. Allow iteratively generated endogenous global CO2 tax under peak budget constraint or end-of-century budget constraint."
;
  cm_iterative_target_adj = 0;      !! def = 0  !! regexp = 0|2|3|5|7|9

(0): no iterative adjustment of CO2 tax (terminology: CO2 price and CO2 tax in REMIND is used interchangeably)
(2): iterative adjustment of CO2 tax or cumulative emission based on climate forcing calculated by climate model magicc, for runs with budget or CO2 tax constraints. See ./modules/45_carbonprice/NDC/postsolve.gms for direct algorithm
(3): [requires 45_carbonprice = NDC and emiscen = 9] iterative adjustment of CO2 tax based on 2025 or 2030 regionally differentiated emissions, for runs with emission budget or CO2 tax constraints. See ./modules/45_carbonprice/NDC/postsolve.gms for direct algorithm
(5): [requires 45_carbonprice = functionalForm and emiscen = 9 OR 45_carbonprice = functionalFormRegi] iterative adjustment of CO2 tax based on economy-wide CO2 cumulative emission budget(2020-2100), for runs with emission budget or CO2 tax constraints. [see 45_carbonprice/functionalForm(Regi)/postsolve.gms for direct algorithm]
(7): [requires 45_carbonprice = functionalForm and emiscen = 9] iterative adjustment of CO2 tax based on economy-wide CO2 cumulative emission peak budget, for runs with emission budget or CO2 tax constraints. Features: results in a peak budget with zero net CO2 emissions after peak budget is reached. See core/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms [see 45_carbonprice/functionalForm/postsolve.gms for direct algorithm]
(9): [requires 45_carbonprice = functionalForm and emiscen = 9] global: iterative adjustment of CO2 tax based on economy-wide CO2 cumulative emission peak budget, for runs with emission budget or CO2 tax constraints. Features: 1) after the year when budget peaks, CO2 tax has an annual increase by cm_taxCO2_IncAfterPeakBudgYr, 2) automatically shifts cm_peakBudgYr to find the correct year of budget peaking for a given budget. [see 45_carbonprice/functionalForm/postsolve.gms for direct algorithm]

parameter
  cm_taxCO2_Shape             "Only used with [functionalFormRegi, and functionalForm if cm_iterative_target_adj=5 (i.e. EOC budget)], determines whether the carbon price increases until 2100 or is constant as of the exogenously set cm_peakYear"
;
  cm_taxCO2_Shape = 1;            !! def = 1    !! regexp = 1|2

(1): EOC - pm_taxCO2eq increases until 2100 according to cm_taxCO2_functionalForm for EOC budget targets
(2): Peak - pm_taxCO2eq increases until an exogenously set “peak year” (via cm_peakBudgYear). Note: this does not necessarily correspond to the year in which the global or regional budget actually peaks.

parameter 
  cm_CPslopeAdjustment        "Only used with [functionalFormRegi], determines whether the entire path is shifted up and down or the slope of is adjusted endogenously"
;
  cm_CPslopeAdjustment = 1;         !! def = 1    !! regexp = 0|1

(0): no adjustment of the slope; i.e. carbon price shape chosen from the input-gdx and the curve is shifted up and down from cm_startyear (1): endogenous adjustment of the slope, i.e. linear increase to the highest carbon price

parameter
  cm_useInputGdxForCarbonPrice     "Only used with [functionalFormRegi], determines whether the carbon price information from the input.gdx is used for the first iteration's carbon price."
;
  cm_useInputGdxForCarbonPrice = 0;     !! def = 0   !! regexp = 0|1

(0): Input.gdx information is not used in 45_carbonprice/functionalFormRegi/datainput.gms (1): Input.gdx information is used to in 45_carbonprice/functionalFormRegi/datainput.gms

parameter
  cm_NDC_target_DevTol  "allowed NDC emissions target deviation relative to target emissions [45_carbonprice = NDC]"
;
  cm_NDC_target_DevTol = 0.01;           !! def = 0.01

value between 0-1 to define the maximum allowed deviation of REMIND emissions and target emissions normalized to target emissions to consider NDC target as reached

parameter
  cm_gdximport_target       "whether or not the starting value for iteratively adjusted CO2 tax trajectories for all regions (scenarios defined by cm_iterative_target_adj) should be read in from the input.gdx"
;
  cm_gdximport_target      = 0;      !! def = 0  !! regexp = 0|1

(0): no import
(1): the values from the gdx are read in (works only if the gdx has a parameter value) ATTENTION: make sure that the values from the gdx have the right structure (e.g. regionally differentiated or not)

parameter 
  c_biopyrOptions      "Turn the three established and one advanced industrial biochar production configurations on or off"
; 
  c_biopyrOptions = 1; !! def = 1 !! regexp  = 0|1|2

(0): biochar technologies are turned off
(1): three established industrial biochar production configurations
(2): three established + advanced industrial biochar production setup that co-produces liquids

parameter
  cm_33DAC                  "choose whether DAC (direct air capture) should be included into the CDR portfolio."
;
  cm_33DAC                 = 1;   !! def = 1    !! regexp = 0|1

(1): direct air capture is included
(0): not included

parameter
  cm_33EW                   "choose whether EW (enhanced weathering) should be included into the CDR portfolio."
;
  cm_33EW                  = 0;   !! def = 0    !! regexp = 0|1

(1): enhanced weathering is included
(0): not included

parameter
  cm_33OAE                  "choose whether OAE (ocean alkalinity enhancement) should be included into the CDR portfolio. 0 = OAE not used, 1 = used"
;
  cm_33OAE                 = 0;   !! def = 0

Since OAE is quite a cheap CDR option, runs might not converge because the model tries to deploy a lot of OAE. In this case, use a quantity target to limit OAE by adding something like: (2070,2080,2090,2100).GLO.tax.t.oae.all 5000 to cm_implicitQttyTarget in your config file, starting from the year in which OAE is deployed above 5000 MtCO2 / yr. This will limit the global deployment to 5000 Mt CO2 / yr in timesteps 2070-2100. As an alternative to this cost-efficient allocation, a global limit can be set via cm_33_OAE_limit_EEZ which distributes it between regions based on the size of the exclusive economic zones. This approach should only be chosen when the tax approach inhibits convergence. See q33_OAE_EEZ_limit for further reasoning. Both limitation approaches affect ocean uptake, i.e. gross OAE. * (1): ocean alkalinity enhancement is included * (0): not included

parameter
  cm_33_OAE_eff             "OAE efficiency measured in tCO2 uptaken by the ocean per tCaO. Typically between 0.9-1.4 (which corresponds to 1.2-1.8 molCO2/molCaO). [tCO2/tCaO]"
;
  cm_33_OAE_eff            = 1.2; !! def = 1.2

parameter
  cm_33_OAE_scen            "OAE distribution scenarios"
;
  cm_33_OAE_scen           = 1; !! def = 1

(0): pessimistic: a rather low discharge rate (30 tCaO per h), corresponding to high distribution costs
(1): optimistic: a high discharge rate (250 tCaO per h), corresponding to lower distribution costs

parameter
  cm_33_OAE_startyr         "The year when OAE could start being deployed [year]"
;
  cm_33_OAE_startyr        = 2035; !! def = 2035  !! regexp = 20[3-9](0|5)

(2035): earliest year when OAE could be deployed
(….): later timesteps

parameter
  cm_33_OAE_limit_EEZ           "Global limit [Mt CO2 ocean uptake/a]. Upper bound on regions' ocean uptake is set based on EEZ distribution."
;
  cm_33_OAE_limit_EEZ            = 0; !! def = 0 !! regexp = is.nonnegative

(0): no global limit that is distributed based on regions’ EEZ size
(5000): global 5 Gt CO2 uptake maximum is distributed as upper bound to regions. 5 Gt CO2/yr uptake limit corresponds roughly to CaO being distributed in the upper 2m of the entire (!) EEZ up to the precipitation avoiding concentration limit, assuming average uptake efficiency.

parameter
  cm_gs_ew                  "grain size (for enhanced weathering, CDR module) [micrometre]"
;
  cm_gs_ew                 = 20;     !! def = 20  !! regexp = is.numeric

parameter
  cm_LimRock                "limit amount of rock spread each year [Gt]"
;
  cm_LimRock               = 1000;   !! def = 1000

parameter
  cm_33_EW_upScalingRateLimit    "Annual growth rate limit on upscaling of mining & spreading rocks on fields"
;
  cm_33_EW_upScalingRateLimit = 0.2;  !! def = 20% !! regexp = is.nonnegative

parameter
  cm_33_EW_shortTermLimit         "Limit on 2030 potential for enhanced weathering, defined as % of land on which EW is applied. Default 0.5% of land"
;
  cm_33_EW_shortTermLimit = 0.005; !! def = 0.5% !! regexp = is.nonnegative

parameter
  cm_33_BCpriceForm               "biochar price assumptions (revenue from using biochar in agriculture or construction)"
;
  cm_33_BCpriceForm = 1; !! def = 1

(1): decreasing price over time, independent of actual deployment. Lower price path. Fits best for peak budget runs with 650 Gt CO2 as of 2020.
(2): decreasing price over time, independent of actual deployment. Higher price path.Fits best for peak budget runs with 650 Gt CO2 as of 2020.
(any other number): constant price. Chose 0 to turn it off. Unit: [2015 USD / t BC]. Suggested range: 100-200 USD/tBC. Better choice for runs with higher peak budget.

parameter
  cm_33_maxFeShare                "max share of the CDR sectors' FE demand in the region's total FE demand, by FE type. Default is 10%"
;
  cm_33_maxFeShare = 0.1; !!  def = 0.1 !! regexp = is.nonnegative

parameter
  cm_postTargetIncrease     "carbon price increase per year after regipol emission target is reached (euro per tCO2)"
;
  cm_postTargetIncrease    = 0;      !! def = 0

parameter
  cm_implicitQttyTarget_tolerance "tolerance for regipol implicit quantity target deviations convergence."
;
  cm_implicitQttyTarget_tolerance    = 0.01;       !! def = 0.01, i.e. regipol implicit quantity targets must be met within 1% of target deviation

parameter
  cm_emiMktTargetDelay  "number of years for delayed price change in the emission tax convergence algorithm. Not applied to first target set."
;
  cm_emiMktTargetDelay    = 0;       !! def = 0

parameter
  cm_distrAlphaDam    "income elasticity of damages for inequality"
;
  cm_distrAlphaDam     = 1;    !! def = 1

1 means damage is distributed proportional to income, i.e. distributionally neutral, 0 means equal per capita distribution of damage

parameter
  cm_damages_BurkeLike_specification      "empirical specification for Burke-like damage functions"
;
  cm_damages_BurkeLike_specification    = 0;     !! def = 0

{0,5} Selects the main Burke specification “pooled, short-run” (0) or an alternative one “pooled, long-run”(5)

parameter
  cm_damages_BurkeLike_persistenceTime    "persistence time in years for Burke-like damage functions"
;
  cm_damages_BurkeLike_persistenceTime  = 30;    !! def = 30

Persistence time (half-time) in years. Highly uncertain, but may be in between 5 and 55 years.

parameter
  cm_damages_SccHorizon                   "Horizon for SCC calculation. Damages cm_damagesSccHorizon years into the future are internalized."
;
  cm_damages_SccHorizon                 = 100;   !! def = 100

Horizon for SCC calculation. Damages cm_damagesSccHorizon years into the future are internalized.

parameter
  cm_damage_KWSE                          "standard error for Kalkuhl & Wenz damages"
;
  cm_damage_KWSE                        = 0;     !! def = 0

{1.645 for 90% CI, 1.96 for 95% CI, no correction when 0}

parameter
  cm_sccConvergence         "convergence indicator for SCC iteration"
;
  cm_sccConvergence        = 0.05;  !! def = 0.05
;
parameter
  cm_tempConvergence         "convergence indicator for temperature in damage iteration"
;
  cm_tempConvergence       = 0.05;  !! def = 0.05
;
parameter
  cm_carbonprice_temperatureLimit "not-to-exceed temperature target in degree above pre-industrial [45_carbonprice = temperatureNotToExceed]"
;
  cm_carbonprice_temperatureLimit       = 1.8;   !! def = 1.8

parameter
  cm_frac_CCS          "tax on carbon transport & storage (teccsinje) to reflect risk of leakage, formulated as fraction of O&M costs"
;
  cm_frac_CCS          = 10;   !! def = 10

parameter
  cm_frac_NetNegEmi    "tax on net negative emissions to reflect risk of overshooting, formulated as fraction of carbon price"
;
  cm_frac_NetNegEmi    = 0.5;  !! def = 0.5

This tax reduces the regional effective carbon price for net-negative CO2 emissions; default is a reduction by 50 percent. Fraction can be freely chosen. Guidelines:

1. No net negative tax, the full CO2 price always applies.
(0.5) Halves the effective CO2 price for gross CDR exceeding gross emissions.
1. No effective CO2 tax for gross CDR exceeding gross emissions.

parameter
  cm_NetNegEmi_calculation    "switch to choose if net-negative emissions are calculated within an iteration or across iterations"
;
  cm_NetNegEmi_calculation    = 0;  !! def = 0 !! regexp = 0|1

regional net-negative CO2 emissions are calculated within the current iteration, i.e. gross CO2 emissions of current iteration minus gross CDR of current iteration. In this case, the net-negative emissions tax is applied to net CO2 emissions, and thus, both further CO2 emission reductions and CDR are disincentivised.
regional net-negative CO2 emissions are calculated across iterations, i.e. weighted average gross CO2 emissions of previous iterations minus gross CDR of current iteration. In this case, the net-negative emissions tax is applied to the difference of gross CDR of the current iteration and gross CO2 emissions based on previous iterations, and thus, gross CDR beyond net-zero CO2 is disincentivised without incentivising gross CO2 emissions.

parameter
  cm_H2InBuildOnlyAfter "Switch to fix H2 in buildings to zero until given year"
;
  cm_H2InBuildOnlyAfter = 2150;   !! def = 2150 (rule out H2 in buildings)

For all years until the given year, FE demand for H2 in buildings is set to zero

parameter
  c_teNoLearnConvEndYr      "Year at which regional costs of non-learning technologies converge"
;
  c_teNoLearnConvEndYr  = 2070;   !! def = 2070

parameter
  c_teLearnConvStartYr  "start year of cost convergence of learning technologies"
;
c_teLearnConvStartYr = 2025; !! def = 2025

parameter
  c_teLearnConvEndYr "end year of cost convergence of learning technologies"
;
c_teLearnConvEndYr = 2080;   !! def = 2080

parameter
  c_earlyRetiValidYr         "Year before which the early retirement rate designated by c_tech_earlyreti_rate holds"
;
  c_earlyRetiValidYr  = 2035;   !! def = 2035

parameter
  c_seFeSectorShareDevScale "scale factor in the objective function of the penalization to incentive sectors to have similar shares of secondary energy fuels."
;
  c_seFeSectorShareDevScale = 1e-3;  !! def = 1e-3

parameter
  cm_TaxConvCheck             "switch for enabling tax convergence check in nash mode"
;
  cm_TaxConvCheck = 1;  !! def = 1, which means tax convergence check is on  !! regexp = 0|1

switches tax convergence check in nash mode on and off (check that tax revenue in all regions, periods be smaller than 0.1% of GDP) * 0 (off) * 1 (on), default

parameter
  cm_maxFadeOutPriceAnticip   "switch to determine maximum allowed fadeout price anticipation to consider that the model converged."
;
  cm_maxFadeOutPriceAnticip = 1e-4; !! def = 1e-4, the fadeout price anticipation term needs to be lower than 1e-4 to consider that the model converged.

parameter
  cm_flex_tax                 "switch for enabling flexibility tax"
;
  cm_flex_tax = 1;  !! def = 1  !! regexp = 0|1

cm_flex_tax “switch for flexibility tax/subsidy, switching it on activates a tax on a number of technologies with flexible or inflexible electricity input.” technologies with flexible eletricity input get a subsidy corresponding to the lower-than-average electricity prices that they see, while inflexible technologies get a tax corresponding to the higher-than-average electricity prices that they see * (0) flexibility tax off * (1) flexibility tax on

parameter
  cm_H2targets                "switches on capacity targets for electrolysis in NDC techpol following national Hydrogen Strategies"
;
  cm_H2targets = 0; !! def 0

parameter
  cm_FlexTaxFeedback          "switch deciding whether flexibility tax feedback on buildings and industry electricity prices is on"
;
  cm_FlexTaxFeedback = 0;  !! def = 0  !! regexp = 0|1

cm_FlexTaxFeedback, switches on feedback of flexibility tax on buildings and industry. That is, electricity price decrease for electrolysis has to be matched by electrictiy price increase in buildings and industry. This switch only has an effect if the flexibility tax is on by cm_flex_tax set to 1.

parameter
  cm_VRE_supply_assumptions        "default (0), optimistic (1), pessimistic (2), or very pessimistic (3) assumptions on VRE and storage costs"
;
  cm_VRE_supply_assumptions = 0;  !! def = 0  !! regexp = [0-3]

Modifies investment cost (inco0), floorcost and learning rate parameters for VRE and storage. * (1) optimistic: reduces floor costs and investment costs and increases learning rates by around 10%. Also halves storage needs. * (2) pessimistic: increases floor costs and investment costs and decreases learning rates by around 10%. * (3) very pessimistic: increases floor costs and investment costs and decreases learning rates by around 30%.

parameter
  cm_build_H2costAddH2Inv     "additional h2 distribution costs for low diffusion levels (default value: 6.5$/kg = 0.2 $/Kwh)"
;
  cm_build_H2costAddH2Inv = 0.2;  !! def = 6.5$/kg = 0.2 $/Kwh

parameter
  cm_build_H2costDecayStart   "simplified logistic function end of full value (ex. 5%  -> between 0 and 5% the function will have the value 1). [%]"
;
  cm_build_H2costDecayStart = 0.05; !! def = 0.05

parameter
  cm_build_H2costDecayEnd     "simplified logistic function start of null value (ex. 10% -> after 10% the function will have the value 0). [%]"
;
  cm_build_H2costDecayEnd = 0.1;  !! def = 0.1

parameter
  cm_BioSupply_Adjust_EU      "factor for scaling sub-EU bioenergy supply curves"
;
  cm_BioSupply_Adjust_EU = 3; !! def 3, 3*bioenergy supply slope obtained from input data

scales bioenergy supply curves in EU regions (mainly used to match EUR H12/ 3 /GJ from 2030 onward, and 30$/GJ from 2040 onward, and 40$/GJ from 2040 onward. scales slope of bioenergy supply curves in EU subregions (mainly used to match EUR H12/Magpie bioenergy potential) switch can be removed once supply curves for EU subregions are fixed in input data

parameter
  cm_noPeFosCCDeu              "switch to suppress Pe2Se Fossil Carbon Capture in Germany"
;
  cm_noPeFosCCDeu = 0;  !! def = 0  !! regexp = 0|1

CCS limitations for Germany def 0, no suppression of Pe2Se Fossil Carbon Capture in Germany, if 1 then no pe2se fossil CO2 capture in Germany fossil CCS limitations in Germany+

1. none
1. no fossil carbon and capture in Germany

parameter
  c_fracRealfromAnnouncedCCScap2030         "switch to adjust the share of realised CCS capacities from total announced/planned projects from database in 2030"
;
  c_fracRealfromAnnouncedCCScap2030 = 0.3; !! def = 0.3

This switch changes the assumption about the share of timely realised capacities from sum of announced/planned in 2030 from the IEA CCS data base Default assumption is that only 30% of announced or planned capacities will be realised, either due to discontinuation or delay

parameter
  cm_deuCDRmax                 "switch to limit maximum annual CDR amount in Germany in MtCO2 per y"
;
  cm_deuCDRmax = -1; !! def = -1

switch to cap annual DEU CDR amount by value assigned to switch, or no cap if -1, in MtCO2

parameter
  cm_EURCDRmax                 "switch to limit maximum annual CDR amount in the EU in MtCO2 per y"
;
  cm_EURCDRmax = -1; !! def = -1

switch to cap annual EUR CDR amount by value assigned to switch, or no cap if -1, in MtCO2

parameter
  cm_EnSecScen_limit        "switch for limiting the gas demand from 2025 onward, currently only applied to Germany"
;
  cm_EnSecScen_limit = 0;  !! def = 0

This switch is used to represent a limited gas supply in a energy security scenario. [EJ per yr]

           default, equals "off", no limit imposed

(any other number) limit of gas demand from 2025 on in Germany in EJ/yr

parameter
  c_SlackMultiplier   "Multiplicative factor to up/downscale the slack size for v_changeProdStartyearSlack"
;
  c_SlackMultiplier = 1;  !! def = 1

parameter
  c_changeProdCost   "Multiplicative factor to up/downscale the costs for vm_changeProdStartyearCost"
;
  c_changeProdCost = 5;  !! def = 5

parameter
  cm_LearningSpillover      "Activate Learningspillover from foreign capacity in learning technogolies"
;
  cm_LearningSpillover = 1; !! def 1 = Learningspillover activated (set to 0 to deactivate)

if Learningspillover is deactivated, foreign capacity is set to the level of 2020 in technology learning.
This means that in the model, each region’s learning depends on its OWN additional capacity investment after 2020 in comparison to the GLOBAL cumulative capacity until 2020,
so for small regions learning is very slow. This is a very pessimistic interpretation of ‘no learning spillovers’,
as every region has to climb up the global learning curve all by itself.
In combination with endogenous carbon pricing (e.g., in NDC), the deactivated Learningspillover will lead to higher overall carbon prices. Can be solved by setting carbonprice to exogenous (config).

parameter
  cm_nonPlasticFeedstockEmiShare      "Share of non-plastic carbon that gets emitted  rest is stored permanently, [share]"
;
  cm_nonPlasticFeedstockEmiShare = 0.6; !! def 0.6 = 60 per cent of carbon in non-plastics gets emitted

parameter
  cm_wastelag           "switch to decide whether waste from plastics lags ten years behind plastics production"
;
  cm_wastelag = 0;   !! def = 0 no waste lag  !! regexp = 1|0

parameter
  c_edgetReportAfter2010            "switch that turns on overwriting of EDGE-T results for 2005 and 2010 by NAs when set to 1"
;
  c_edgetReportAfter2010 = 0;   !! def = 0 full reporting  !! regexp = 1|0

parameter
  cm_RenShareTargets         "switch that turn on renewable share targets in the NPi2025 realization of the techpol module"
;

Note that the switch is only active in the NPi2025 realization of the 40_techpol module.

  cm_RenShareTargets = 1;      !! def = 1 renewable share targets are on !! regexp = 1|0

cm_RenShareTargetValue: 40_techpol define additional targets for renewable share in NPi2025 Note that the switch is only active in the NPi2025 realization of the 40_techpol module. If cm_RenShareTargets is on, this switch overrides the regular NPi2025 renewable share targets. The input format should the the following ttot.regi.RenShareTargetType %value e.g., 2050.EUR.RenElec 0.8 for 80%. There are the following RenShareTargetType: RenElec, NonBioRenElec, NonFossilElec, RenFE, SolarWindElec

$setGlobal cm_RenShareTargetValue    off !! def = off
parameter
  cm_APsource                "data source for air pollution baseyear (2020) emissions"
;
  cm_APsource           = 1;      !! def = 1  !! regexp = 1|2

(1): CEDS2025 emissions (mapped to GAINS sectors) are used as baseyear (2020) emissions
(2): GAINS2025 emissions (from baseline scenario) are used as baseyear (2020) emissions

FLAGS

c_magpieIter “Nash iterations in which MAgPIE runs in core/presolve”

The content of this setgloabal is only used once to write it to the ‘magpieIter’ set in core/set.gms. It is only a setglobal so that it is possible to deviate from the default by overwriting it from outside (prepare.R).

$setglobal c_magpieIter  20,24,28,32     !! def = "20,24,28,32"  !! This regular expression works in manual test but not in checkFixCfg [0-9]{1,2}(,[0-9]{1,2})*

c_edgeTransportIter “Nash iterations in which EDGE-T runs”

$setglobal c_edgeTransportIter 10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80,85,90,95   !! def = "10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80,85,90,95"

cm_rcp_scen “chooses RCP scenario”

(none): no RCP scenario, standard setting
(rcp20): RCP2.0
(rcp26): RCP2.6
(rcp37): RCP3.7
(rcp45): RCP4.5
(rcp60): RCP6.0 [currently not operational: test and verify before using it!]
(rcp85): RCP8.5 [currently not operational: test and verify before using it!]

$setglobal cm_rcp_scen  rcp45         !! def = "rcp45"  !! regexp = none|rcp20|rcp26|rcp37|rcp45|rcp60|rcp85

cm_NDC_version “choose version of NDC targets to be applied, including differentiation between conditional vs. unconditional targets” * This switch allows to run different states of NDC targets over the past years, allowing for comparison of NDC succession over the years. * For the latest NDC version (2026_cond/uncond), the targets are based on the collection provided by PBL. The collection provides two formats for emissions targets, which we use as follows: * For major emitters, we derive absolute emissions targets based on a detailed collection by PBL adding our own assumptions (e.g. regarding LULUCF emissions), while * for minor emitters, we rely on the absolute emissions targets directly provided by PBL. * while for minor emitters, absolute emissions targets are directly taken from PBL collection. * (2026_cond): all NDCs conditional to international financial support published until end of 2025 (PBL collection), note that for countries / regions with target ranges (e.g. EU 66-72% 2035 target) * the more ambitious target is chosen even if it is strictly speaking not a conditional NDC target * (2026_uncond): all NDCs independent of international financial support published until end of 2025 (PBL collection), note that for countries / regions with target ranges (e.g. EU 66-72% 2035 target) * the less ambitious target is chosen even if it is strictly speaking not an unconditional NDC target * (2024_cond_extrapol): all NDCs conditional to international financial support published until August 31, 2024 with extrapolation of 2030 targets to 2035 targets for conutries without 2035 target * (2024_uncond_extrapol): all NDCs independent of international financial support published until August 31, 2024 with extrapolation of 2030 targets to 2035 targets for conutries without 2035 target * (2024_cond): all NDCs conditional to international financial support published until August 31, 2024 * (2024_uncond): all NDCs independent of international financial support published until August 31, 2024 * (2023_cond): all NDCs conditional to international financial support published until December 31, 2023 * (2023_uncond): all NDCs independent of international financial support published until December 31, 2023 * Other supported years are 2022, 2021 and 2018, always containing NDCs published until December 31 of that year

$setglobal cm_NDC_version  2026_cond    !! def = "2024_cond" !! regexp = 20(18|2[1-6])_(un)?cond(_extrapol)?$

cm_NDC_targetYear “choose years for which NDC emissions targets can be applied” [requires 45_carbonprice = NDC] * Examples on how to use: * “2030” means that only 2030 target are included * “2030, 2035, 2050” means that 2030, 2035 and 2050 targets are included * Note: including target years here does not mean they are automcatically considered in the carbonprice NDC realization. * Depending on the p45_minRatioOfCoverageToMax parameter, each region receives the target year with the highest share of emissions covered under NDCs.

$setglobal cm_NDC_targetYear  2030, 2035    !! def = "2030, 2035"

cm_targetDelay “delays NDC and LTS targets beyond the default target years” [requires cm_NDC_version = 2026_cond] * (prisma): PRISMA asymetric rollback delays NDC and LTS target per region: * 10 years delay for “Transition leaders”: EUR, NEU, JPN (e.g. 2030 NDC shifted to 2040, 2035 NDC shifted to 2045, and 2050 NZ target shifted to 2060) * 20 years delay for “Diversifying economies”: LAM, USA, CAZ, IND, CHA, SSA, OAS * 30 years delay for “Fossil-dependant”: REF, MEA * Exceptions apply for some regions: the delay might deviate by 5 years due to model 10-year timesteps after 2060

$setglobal cm_targetDelay  off     !! def = "off"

cm_NDC_CO2PriceLimit “sets regional upper limit for CO2 prices in NDC realization” [requires 45_carbonprice = NDC]” This serves to not force regions to reach NDC emissions targets at extremly high CO2 prices in the near-term. Instead, regions go “as close as still plausible” to their NDC targets. * Examples on how to use: * “2030.EUR 150” means that EUR has maximum CO2 price of 150 USD/tCO2 in 2030. * For the development after the target year, the switch cm_NDC_CO2PriceLimit_continuation determines whether or not an upper limit on CO2 prices is imposed. * By default 2030 CO2 prices are limited to 150 USD/tCO2 in EUR, 80 USD/tCO2 in CAZ, USA, JPN and NEU, 50 USD/tCO2 in REF and MEA, 40 USD/tCO2 in LAM and CHA, 30 USD/tCO2 in OAS, 15 USD/tCO2 in IND and 10 USD/tCO2 in SSA. * If set to “off”, no CO2 price limits are applied in any region.

$setglobal cm_NDC_CO2PriceLimit  2030.EUR 150, 2030.(CAZ,USA, JPN, NEU) 80, 2030.(REF,MEA) 50, 2030.(LAM, CHA) 40, 2030.OAS 30, 2030.IND 15, 2030.SSA 10    !! def = "2030.EUR 150, 2030.(CAZ,USA, JPN, NEU) 80, 2030.(REF,MEA) 50, 2030.(LAM, CHA) 40, 2030.OAS 30, 2030.IND 15, 2030.SSA 10"

cm_NDC_CO2PriceLimit_continuation “switch to determine whether CO2 price limits in NDC realization are applied only in the specified target year or also in subsequent years” [requires 45_carbonprice = NDC] * (on): CO2 price limits are applied not only in the specified target year but also in subsequent years, with the limit increasing by 20% per year after the target year, but allowing for carbon price of at least 200$/tCO2 at minimum * (off): CO2 price limits are only applied in the specified target year, but not in subsequent years ```$setglobal cm_NDC_CO2PriceLimit_continuation off !! def = “off” !! regexp = on|off

cm_NDC_postTargetDevelopment            "choose assumption on co2 price trajectory after NDC target years" [requires 45_carbonprice = NDC]
*  (constant):                     carbon price remains constant after the last NDC target year
*  (global_conv):                  carbon price converges across regions to a global value of 100$/tCO2 by 2100

$setglobal cm_NDC_postTargetDevelopment constant !! def = "constant" ``` cm_NDC_CO2PriceMinimum "choose assumption on minimal co2 price after first NDC target year" [requires 45_carbonprice = NDC] * (zero): no minimum carbon price after first NDC target year, i.e. carbon price can decrease to zero after first NDC target year * (NPi): carbon price cannot fall below carbon price of NPi run as this represent the development of current policies * (NonDecreasing): carbon price cannot decrease after first NDC target year, but can increase or remain constant ```$setglobal cm_NDC_CO2PriceMinimum NonDecreasing !! def = “NonDecreasing” !! regexp = zero|NPi|NonDecreasing

cm_NDC_TargetCheckConv            "choose whether iterations should go on until all NDC emissions targets are fullfilled" [requires 45_carbonprice = NDC]
This setting determines whether compliance with NDC emissions targets should be a criterion for convergence of REMIND. 
*  (on):                         runs only converges if all NDC emissions targets are met within the tolerance defined by cm_NDC_target_DevTol
*  (off):                        runs can converge even if some NDC emissions targets are not met within the tolerance defined by cm_NDC_target_DevTol, e.g. because of very high CO2 prices needed to meet them in the near-term

$setglobal cm_NDC_TargetCheckConv off !! def = "off" !! regexp = on|off ``` cm_NPi_version "choose version year of NPi targets for min and max targets in the form of conditional vs. unconditional" * (2024_cond): minimum technology targets are included from NewClimate latest policy modeling protocol in 2025 * (2024_uncond): maximal technology targets are included from NewClimate latest policy modeling protocol in 2025 ```$setglobal cm_NPi_version 2025_cond !! def = “2025_cond” !! regexp = 2025_(un)?cond

cm_LTSexcludeRegi: comma-separated list of regions (H12) for which LTS should be ignored
*  (off):   apply all hard-coded LTS of module 46 (see datainput)
*  (USA):   by default, USA targets are ignored because of withdrawal from all climate agreements 
*  (USA, OAS):   removing several regions

\(setglobal cm_LTSexcludeRegi USA !! def = "USA" ``` * c_regi_earlyreti_rate "maximum percentage of capital stock that can be retired early (before reaching their expected lifetimes) in one year in specified regions, if they are not economically viable. It is applied to all techs unless otherwise specified in c_tech_earlyreti_rate." * Default value used in NPi runs: EUR_regi 0.06, USA_regi 0.04, CHA_regi 0.04, CAZ_regi 0.04, JPN_regi 0.04, GLO 0.03 (0.06 means 6% of capacity can be retired early per year at maximum, i.e. full retirement after 16.7 years, 40% standing capacity after 10 years) * In target scenarios with ambition level beyond the NPi, we assume slightly higher early retirement rates outside the EU. * Target scenario maximum retirement rates: EUR_regi 0.08, USA_regi 0.07, CHA_regi 0.07, CAZ_regi 0.07, JPN_regi 0.07, GLO 0.06 * This reflects that the current aversion to shut down plants before end of their lifetime linked to political economy dynamics can be overcome to speed up the energy transition. * Finally, note that these maximum early retirement rates are further differentiated by technology. Coal power has 20% higher rates, for instance, while CHP plants have 30% lower rates than the default value (see core/datainput.gms). ```\)setglobal c_regi_earlyreti_rate EUR_regi 0.06, USA_regi 0.04, CAZ_regi 0.04, JPN_regi 0.04, GLO 0.02 !! def = EUR_regi 0.06, USA_regi 0.04, CAZ_regi 0.04, JPN_regi 0.04, GLO 0.02

*  c_tech_earlyreti_rate  "maximum percentage of capital stock of specific technologies that can be retired early in one year in specified regions. This switch overrides c_regi_earlyreti_rate to allow for fine-tuning of phase-out schedules, e.g. for implementation of certain policies or anticipated trends."
*  Example use: USA_regi.pc 0.1, CHA_regi.pc 0.1: Change max retirement rates for coal power in US and China to 10%/yr.
*  Keep value "off" if not needed.
*  This switch only changes the retirement rates strictly before the year specified in c_earlyRetiValidYr (default 2035).

$setglobal c_tech_earlyreti_rate off !! def = off$setglobal cm_LU_emi_scen SSP2 !! def = SSP2 !! regexp = SSP(1|2|3|5)|SSP2_lowEn $setGlobal cm_regi_bioenergy_EFTax glob !! def = glob$setglobal cm_tradbio_phaseout default !! def = default !! regexp = default|fast $setglobal cm_maxProdBiolc 100 !! def = 100 !! regexp = off|is.nonnegative$setGLobal cm_bioprod_regi_lim off !! def off

cm_GDPpopScen  "assumptions about future GDP and population development"
* (SSP1):  SSP1 fastGROWTH medCONV
* (SSP2):  SSP2 medGROWTH medCONV
* (SSP3):  SSP3 slowGROWTH slowCONV
* (SSP4):  SSP4 medGROWTH mixedCONV
* (SSP5):  SSP5 fastGROWTH fastCONV
* (SDP|SDP_EI|SDP_MC|SDP_RC):   SDP scenarios
* (SSP2IndiaMedium|SSP2IndiaHigh):   special India scenario

$setglobal cm_GDPpopScen SSP2 !! def = SSP2 !! regexp = SSP[1-5]|SDP(_EI|_MC|_RC)?|SSP2IndiaMedium|SSP2IndiaHigh ``` c_techAssumptScen flag defines an energy technology scenario according to SSP narratives * (SSP1) optimistic for VRE, storage, BEV; pessimistic for nuclear and CCS * (SSP2) reference scenario - default investment costs & learning rates * (SSP3) optimistic for basic fossil technologies; pessimistic for nuclear and VRE * (SSP5) optimistic for advanced fossil technologies and CCS; pessimistic for nuclear and VRE ```$setglobal c_techAssumptScen SSP2 !! def = SSP2 !! regexp = (SSP)?[1-5] $setGlobal cm_oil_scen medOil !! def = medOil !! regexp = lowOil|medOil|highOil|4$setGlobal cm_gas_scen medGas !! def = medGas !! regexp = lowGas|medGas|highGas $setGlobal cm_coal_scen medCoal !! def = medCoal !! regexp = 0|lowCoal|medCoal|highCoal ``` c_ccsinjecrateRegi "regional upper bound of the CCS injection rate, overwrites for specified regions the settings set with c_ccsinjecratescen" * ("off") no regional differentiation * ("GLO 0.005") reproduces c_ccsinjecratescen = 1 * ("GLO 0.00125, CAZ_regi 0.0045, CHA_regi 0.004, EUR_regi 0.0045, IND_regi 0.004, JPN_regi 0.002, USA_regi 0.002") "example that is taylored such that NDC goals are achieved without excessive CCS in a delayed transition scenario. Globally, 75% reduction, 10% reduction in CAZ etc. compared to reference case with c_ccsinjecratescen = 1" ```$setglobal c_ccsinjecrateRegi off !! def = “off” $setglobal c_SSP_forcing_adjust forcing_SSP2 !! def = forcing_SSP2 !! regexp = forcing_SSP(1|2|3|5)$setGlobal cm_regiExoPrice off !! def = off $setGlobal cm_regiExoPrice_fromFile off !! def = off$setGlobal cm_emiMktTarget off !! def = off $setGlobal cm_emiMktTarget_tolerance GLO 0.01 !! def = GLO 0.01$setGlobal cm_scaleDemand off !! def = off $setGlobal cm_scaleDemandBuildTable off !! def = off$setGlobal c_scaleDemandIndTable off !! def = off $setGlobal cm_quantity_regiCO2target off !! def = off$setGlobal cm_dispatchSetyDown off !! def = off The amount that te producing any sety can dispatch less (in percent) - so setting “20” in a cm_dispatchSetyDown column in scenario_config will allow the model to reduce the output of this te by 20% $setGlobal cm_dispatchSeelDown off !! def = off The amount that te producing seel can dispatch less (in percent) (overrides cm_dispatchSetyDown for te producing seel) ``` * cm_NucRegiPol "enable European region specific nuclear phase-out and new capacitiy constraints" ```$setGlobal cm_NucRegiPol on !! def = on

*  cm_CoalRegiPol "enable European region specific coal phase-out and new capacitiy constraints"

$setGlobal cm_CoalRegiPol on !! def = on ``` * cm_proNucRegiPol "enable European region specific pro nuclear capacitiy constraints" ```$setGlobal cm_proNucRegiPol off !! def = off $setGlobal cm_CCSRegiPol off !! def = off$setGlobal cm_vehiclesSubsidies off !! def = off $setGlobal cm_implicitQttyTarget off !! def = off$setGlobal cm_implicitQttyTargetType config !! def = config !! regexp = config|scenario $setGlobal cm_loadFromGDX_implicitQttyTargetTax off !! def = off !! regexp = off|on$setGlobal cm_implicitQttyTarget_delay iteration 15 !! def = iteration 15, quantity targets only start after iteration 15 $setGlobal cm_implicitPriceTarget off !! def = off !! regexp = off|initial|elecPrice|H2Price|highElec|highGasandLiq|highPrice|lowElec|lowPrice$setGlobal cm_implicitPePriceTarget off !! def = off !! regexp = off|highFossilPrice $setGlobal cm_VREminShare off !! def = off$setGlobal cm_CCSmaxBound off !! def = off $setglobal cm_33_EW_maxShareOfCropland GLO 0.5 !! def = GLO 0.5$setglobal cm_33_GDP_netNegCDR_maxShare GLO 1 !! def = GLO 1 $setGlobal c_tech_CO2capturerate off !! def = off$setglobal c_CES_calibration_new_structure 0 !! def = 0 !! regexp = 0|1 $setglobal c_CES_calibration_write_prices 0 !! def = 0 !! regexp = 0|1$setglobal cm_CES_calibration_default_prices 0.01 !! def = 0.01 $setglobal cm_in_limit_price_change "ue_steel_primary, kap_steel_primary" !! def = ""$setglobal cm_calibration_string off !! def = off $setglobal cm_techcosts REG !! def = REG !! regexp = REG|REG2040|GLO$setglobal cm_floorCostScen gdpBased !! def = gdpBased !! regexp = uniform|pricestruc|gdpBased $setGlobal cm_EDGEtr_scen Mix2ICEban !! def = Mix2ICEban$setglobal cm_steel_secondary_max_share_scenario off !! def off , switch on for maximum secondary steel share $setGlobal cm_import_tax off !! def = off !! regexp = .*(worldPricemarkup|CO2taxmarkup|avCO2taxmarkup|off).*$setGlobal cm_import_EU off !! def off $setGlobal cm_import_ariadne off !! def off$setGlobal cm_PriceDurSlope_elh2 GLO 20 !! def = GLO 20 $setGlobal cm_trade_SE_exog off !! def off$setGlobal cm_SEtaxRampUpParam GLO.elh2.a 0.2, GLO.elh2.b 20, EUR_regi.elh2.a 0.15, EUR_regi.elh2.b 40 !! def = GLO.elh2.a 0.2, GLO.elh2.b 20, EUR_regi.elh2.a 0.15, EUR_regi.elh2.b 40 $setGlobal cm_EnSecScen off !! def off$setGlobal cm_EnSecScen_price off !! def off $setGlobal cm_indstExogScen off !! def off$setGLobal cm_exogDem_scen off !! def off !! regexp = off|ariadne_(bal|ensec|highDem|lowDem) $setGlobal cm_Ger_Pol off !! def off$setGlobal cm_altFeEmiFac EUR_regi, NEU_regi !! def = “EUR_regi, NEU_regi” $setglobal cm_incolearn off !! def = off$setglobal cm_storageFactor off !! def = off $setglobal cm_learnRate off !! def = off$setglobal cm_adj_seed off $setglobal cm_adj_seed_cont off$setglobal cm_adj_coeff off $setglobal cm_adj_coeff_cont off$setglobal cm_adj_seed_multiplier off $setglobal cm_adj_coeff_multiplier off ``` * (off): no scale-factor, use default investment costs (inco0) values * (any value ge 0) list of techs with respective factor to change inco0 value by a multiplication factor. (e.g. "ccsinjeon 0.5,bioigccc 0.66) Note: if %cm_techcosts% == "GLO", switch will not work for policy runs, i.e. cm_startyear > 2005, for pc, ngt and ngcc as this gets overwritten in 05_initialCap module ```$setglobal cm_inco0Factor off !! def = off

*  def <- "off" = use default p_inco0 values.
*  or list of techs with respective factor to change p_inco0 value by a multiplication factor. (ex. "windon 0.33, spv 0.33" makes investment costs for windon and spv 3 times cheaper)
*  (note: if %cm_techcosts% == "GLO", switch will not work for policy runs, i.e. cm_startyear > 2005, for pc, ngt and ngcc as this gets overwritten in 05_initialCap module)

$setglobal cm_inco0RegiFactor off !! def = off$setglobal cm_ccsinjeCost high !! def = high !! regexp = med|low|high

switch from standard to low and high CO2 transport & storage cost.
Warning: it applies absolute values; only use it in combination with default c_techAssumptScen SSP2. 
* (low): old estimate before 03/2024; ~7.5 USD/tCO2 in 2035. Also applies tech_stat=2 and constrTme=0
* (med): new main estimate; 12 USD/tCO2 at all times (similar to ~11.4 USD/tCO2 average of saline formations, on- and offshore DOG fields in Budinis et al 2017)
* (high): upper estimate; ~20USD/tCO2 (constant), assuming upper end of storage cost and long transport distances

$setglobal cm_CCS_markup off !! def = off$setglobal cm_Industry_CCS_markup off !! def = off

Flag to change learning assumption for established pyrolysis technologies. 0 = not learning; any number = learning rate
Beware: When turned on, policy runs require a NPi that also has learning, otherwise it becomes unbounded.
(0.1): Learning rate of 10%.
(0): Not learning

$setglobal c_BClearning 0 !! def = 0$setglobal cm_renewables_floor_cost off !! def = off $setglobal cm_sehe_upper off !! def = off$setglobal cm_rcp_scen_build none !! def = “none” $setGlobal cm_pushCalib none !! def = none$setGlobal cm_reducCostB none !! def = none $setGlobal cm_effHP 5 !! def = 5$setGlobal cm_CESMkup_build standard !! def = standard $setGlobal cm_CESMkup_ind standard !! def = standard !! regexp = standard|Elec_Push|manual$setGlobal cm_CESMkup_ind_data “” !! def = “” $setGlobal cm_fxIndUe off !! def = off !! regexp = off|on$setGlobal cm_fxIndUeReg “” !! def = “” $setglobal cm_taxCO2_functionalForm linear !! def = "linear" !! regexp = linear|exponential$setglobal cm_taxCO2_historical gdx_ref !! def = “gdx_ref” !! regexp = gdx_ref|is.nonnegative $setglobal cm_taxCO2_historicalYr last !! def = "last" !! regexp = last|is.nonnegative$setglobal cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_convergence scenario !! def = scenario $setglobal cm_taxCO2_regiDiff_startyearValue endogenous !! def = "endogenous"$setglobal cm_budgetCO2from2020RegiShare off !! def = off $setglobal cm_peakBudgYrRegi off !! def = off$setglobal cm_ind_energy_limit default !! def = default !! regexp = default|manual $setglobal cm_ind_energy_limit_manual "2050 . GLO . (ue_cement, ue_steel_primary, ue_steel_secondary) 0.75, 2100 . GLO . (ue_chemicals, ue_otherInd) 0.90"$setglobal cm_wasteIncinerationCCSshare off !! def = off $setglobal cm_feShareLimits off !! def = off$setGlobal c_VREPot_Factor off !! def = off $setGlobal cm_FEtax_trajectory_abs off !! def = off$setGlobal cm_FEtax_trajectory_rel off !! def = off $setGLobal c_agricult_base_shift off !! def off$setglobal cm_INCONV_PENALTY on !! def = on !! regexp = off|on $setglobal cm_INCONV_PENALTY_FESwitch constant !! def = linear !! regexp = off|linear|constant$setglobal cm_INCONV_PENALTY_FESwitchRegi USA !! def = USA !! regexp = [A-Z]{3} $setglobal cm_seFeSectorShareDevMethod sqSectorAvrgShare !! def = sqSectorAvrgShare !! regexp = off|sqSectorShare|sqSectorAvrgShare|minMaxAvrgShare$setglobal c_seFeSectorShareDevUnit share !! def = share !! regexp = share|energy $setGlobal cm_MOFEX off !! def = off !! regexp = off|on$setGlobal cm_limitSolidsFossilRegi off $setGlobal cm_Full_Integration off !! def = off !! regexp = off|on ``` MAGICC configuration either uncalibrated or calibrate year 2000 temperature to HADCRUT4 data (which is very close to AR5). ```$setGlobal cm_magicc_calibrateTemperature2000 uncalibrated !! def = uncalibrated

Derive temperature impulse response to CO2 emissions, based on MAGICC. Adds around 10min runtime.

$setGlobal cm_magicc_temperatureImpulseResponse off !! def = off !! regexp = off|on ``` MAGICC configuration roughly comparable to TCRE value, or even more roughly, equivalent climate sensitivity choose from OLDDEFAULT (REMIND1.7 legacy file); or different percentiles of RCP26 or generic TCRE outcomes calibrated to CMIP5 (see Schultes et al. (2018) for details) ```$setGlobal cm_magicc_config OLDDEFAULT !! def = OLDDEFAULT ; {OLDDEFAULT, RCP26_[5,15,..,95], TCRE_[LOWEST,LOW,MEDIUM,HIGH,HIGHEST] }

climate damages (HowardNonCatastrophic,DICE2013R, DICE2016, HowardNonCatastrophic, HowardInclCatastrophic, KWcross, KWpanelPop,Howard2025Level,Howard2025Growth,Howard2025LevelCat,Howard2025GrowthCat}

$setGlobal cm_damage_DiceLike_specification HowardNonCatastrophic !! def = HowardNonCatastrophic$setGlobal cm_KotzWenzPerc mean !! def = mean !! regexp = low|med|mean|high

COACCH damage function adaptation flag for SLR adaptation (noadapt, adapt)

$setGlobal cm_damage_COACCH_adaptSpec noadapt !! def = noadapt ``` COACCH damage function percentile specification ,p5 is median(p05,p5,p59) ```$setGlobal cm_damage_COACCH_CIspec p5 !! def = p5 $setGlobal cm_damage_Labor_exposure low !! def = low !! regexp = low|high$setGlobal cm_TCssp SSP2 !! def = SSP2 !! regexp = SSP2|SSP5 $setGlobal cm_TCpers 8 !! def = 8 !! regexp = [0-9]$setGlobal cm_TCspec mean !! def = mean !! regexp = mean|median|95|05|83|17 $setGlobal c_skip_output off !! def = off !! regexp = off|on$setglobal cm_CO2TaxSectorMarkup off !! def = off $setGlobal c_regi_nucscen all !! def = all$setGlobal c_regi_capturescen all !! def = all $setglobal cm_subsec_model_steel processes !! def = processes !! regexp = processes|ces$setglobal cm_tech_bounds_2025 on !! def = on !! regexp = on|off

c_NearTermProjectCompletion
Choose assumptions on completion rates, i.e. the share of planned capacity additions of technologies in the near-term that will actually be completed and start operation. 
This would effect, for example, the share of planned/under construction coal power projects that will reach completion in the first future time step. 
The implementation serves to set near-term bounds in the model. There are two options:
(conservative) conservative assumptions on completion rates (high completion rates of fossil technologies, low completion rates of clean technologies)
(transformative) transformative assumptions on completion rates (low completion rates of fossil technologies, high completion rates of clean technologies)

$setglobal c_NearTermProjectCompletion conservative !! def = conservative !! regexp = conservative|transformative$setglobal cm_VREminCap_Ger CurrPol !! def = CurrPol
$setGlobal cm_conoptv conopt3 !! def = conopt3

c_empty_model  "Short-circuit the model, just use the input as solution"

(off): normal model operation, default
(on): no model operation, instead input.gdx is copied to fulldata.gdx

$setGlobal c_empty_model off !! def = off !! regexp = off|on$setglobal cm_secondary_steel_bound scenario !! def = scenario $setglobal cm_demScen SSP2 !! def = SSP2$setGlobal c_scaleEmiHistorical on !! def = on !! regexp = off|on $SetGlobal cm_quick_mode off !! def = off !! regexp = off|on$setGLobal cm_debug_preloop off !! def = off !! regexp = off|on

cm_APssp "air pollution SSP"
(SSP1-5): SSP selection for emission factors based on GAINS2025 data
(FROMGDPSSP): Shortcut to copy SSP from all_GDPpopScen

$setGlobal cm_APssp FROMGDPSSP !! def = FROMGDPSSP !! regexp = SSP1|SSP2|SSP3|SSP4|SSP5|FROMGDPSSP ``` cm_APscen "air pollution scenario" (CLE): Current Legislation Emissions (differentiated by SSP, available for SSP1-5) (SLE): Stronger Legislation Emissions (differentiated by SSP, available for SSP1-5) (MTFR): Maximum Technically Feasible Reduction (not differentiated by SSP) (SMIPbySSP): ScenarioMIP default scenario (differentiated by SSP, available for SSP1, SSP2, SSP3 and SSP5) (SMIPVLLO): ScenarioMIP VLLO scenario (not differentiated by SSP) ```$setGlobal cm_APscen SMIPbySSP !! def = SMIPbySSP !! regexp = CLE|SLE|MTFR|SMIPbySSP|SMIPVLLO $setglobal cm_CES_configuration indu_subsectors-buil_simple-tran_edge_esm-GDPpop_SSP2-En_SSP2-Kap_debt_limit-Reg_62eff8f7 !! this will be changed by start_run()$setglobal c_CES_calibration_iterations 10 !! def = 10 $setglobal c_CES_calibration_industry_FE_target 1 ``` setting which region is to be tested in the one-region test run (80_optimization = testOneRegi) ```$setglobal c_testOneRegi_region EUR !! def = EUR !! regexp = [A-Z]{3}

cm_taxrc_RE     "switch to define whether tax on (CO2 content of) energy imports is recycled to additional direct investments in renewables (wind, solar and storage)"

$setglobal cm_taxrc_RE none !! def = none !! regexp = none|REdirect ``` cm_emifacs_baseyear "base year for deriving nonCO2 emission factors/econometric estimates/scaling factors" (2005): Uses EDGAR data with 2005 as base year, and Lucas et al. 2007 IMAGE for N2O baselines (2020): Uses CEDS2024 data with 2020 as base year, and Harmsen et al. 2022 IMAGE for N2O baselines ```$setGlobal cm_emifacs_baseyear 2020 !! def = 2005 $setGlobal c_nonco2_macc_version PBL_2022 !! def = PBL_2007$setGlobal c_nonco2_macc_scenario Default !! def = Default $setGlobal cm_chaCoalBounds off !! def = off

cm_repeatNonOpt       "should nonoptimal regions be solved again?"

*  (off): no, only infeasable regions are repeated, standard setting
*  (on):  also non-optimal regions are solved again, up to cm_solver_try_max

$setglobal cm_repeatNonOpt off !! def = off !! regexp = off|on ```

Interfaces

Interface plot missing!

REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development

3.7.0

Configuration (00_configuration)

Description

Configuration - Settings for Scenarios:

MODULES

SWITCHES

FLAGS

Interfaces

Realizations

References