The Buildings module calculates the demand for energy from buildings. It is also referred to as Residential and Commercial.
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| Description | Unit | A | |
|---|---|---|---|
| cm_build_H2costAddH2Inv | additional h2 distribution costs for low diffusion levels (default value: 6.5\(/kg = 0.2\)/Kwh) | x | |
| cm_build_H2costDecayEnd | simplified logistic function start of null value (ex. 10% -> after 10% the function will have the value 0). | \(\%\) | x |
| cm_build_H2costDecayStart | simplified logistic function end of full value (ex. 5% -> between 0 and 5% the function will have the value 1). | \(\%\) | x |
| cm_startyear | first optimized modelling time step | \(year\) | x |
| pm_cesdata (tall, all_regi, all_in, cesParameter) |
parameters of the CES function | x | |
| pm_cesdata_sigma (ttot, all_in) |
elasticities of substitution. | x | |
| pm_FEPrice (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, sector, emiMkt) |
parameter to capture all FE prices across sectors and markets | \(tr\$2005/TWa\) | x |
| pm_gdp (tall, all_regi) |
GDP data | \(trn US\$ 2005\) | x |
| pm_pop (tall, all_regi) |
population data | \(bn people\) | x |
| pm_scaleDemand (tall, tall, all_regi) |
Rescaling factor on final energy and usable energy demand, for selected regions and over a phase-in window. | x | |
| pm_shfe_lo (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, emi_sectors) |
Final energy shares exogenous lower bounds per sector | x | |
| pm_shfe_up (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, emi_sectors) |
Final energy shares exogenous upper bounds per sector | x | |
| pm_shGasLiq_fe_lo (ttot, all_regi, emi_sectors) |
Final energy gases plus liquids shares exogenous lower bounds per sector | x | |
| pm_shGasLiq_fe_up (ttot, all_regi, emi_sectors) |
Final energy gases plus liquids shares exogenous upper bounds per sector | x | |
| pm_shPPPMER (all_regi) |
PPP ratio for calculating GDP|PPP from GDP|MER | x | |
| pm_tau_ces_tax (ttot, all_regi, all_in) |
ces production tax to implement CES mark-up cost in a budget-neutral way | x | |
| pm_ttot_val (ttot) |
value of ttot set element | x | |
| qm_budget (ttot, all_regi) |
Budget balance | x | |
| sm_D2005_2_D2017 | Convert US$2005 to US$2017 | x | |
| sm_eps | small number: 1e-9 | x | |
| sm_trillion_2_non | trillion to non | x | |
| sm_TWa_2_kWh | tera Watt year to kilo Watt hour | x | |
| sm_TWa_2_MWh | tera Watt year to Mega Watt hour | x | |
| vm_cesIO (tall, all_regi, all_in) |
Production factor | x | |
| vm_costAddTeInv (tall, all_regi, all_te, emi_sectors) |
additional sector-specific investment cost of demand-side transformation | x | |
| vm_costCESMkup (ttot, all_regi, all_in) |
CES markup cost to represent demand-side technology cost of end-use transformation | \(trUSD/TWa\) | x |
| vm_demFeSector_afterTax (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, emi_sectors, all_emiMkt) |
fe demand per sector and emission market after tax. Demand sectors should use this variable in their fe balance equations so demand side marginals include taxes effects. | \(TWa\) | x |
| vm_prodSe (tall, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te) |
se production. | \(TWa\) | x |
The simple realization represents buildings energy
demand within the CES function on a final energy level. We distinguish
six energy carriers categories (electricity, solids, liquids, gas,
district heating, hydrogen). Electricity if further split into (a) space
heating with resitive heating, (b) space heating with heat pumps and (c)
everything else (cooling, appliances & lighting, water heating and
cooking). Heat pumps and district heating are attached with additional
mark up costs used to represent both higher efficiency in the CES
function and higher investment cost. Policies supporting a technology
can be represented by lowering the respective mark up cost with respect
to the calibration.
Buildings Final Energy Balance
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{\left(entySe,te\right)\$se2fe(entySe,entyFe,te)}\left( vm\_demFeSector\_afterTax(ttot,regi,entySe,entyFe,"build",emiMkt)\right) = \sum_{in\$\left(fe2ppfEn(entyFe,in) \& ppfen\_buildings\_dyn36(in)\right)}\left( vm\_cesIO(ttot,regi,in) + pm\_cesdata(ttot,regi,in,"offset\_quantity") \right)\$sameas(emiMkt,"ES") \end{multline*}\]
Calculate sector-specific additional t&d cost (here only cost of H2 t&d at low H2 penetration levels when grid is not yet developed)
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_costAddTeInv(t,regi,te,"build") = v36\_costAddTeInvH2(t,regi,te) \end{multline*}\]
Additional hydrogen phase in cost at low H2 penetration levels
\[\begin{multline*} v36\_costAddTeInvH2(t,regi,"tdh2s") = v36\_costAddH2LowPen(t,regi) \cdot vm\_demFeSector\_afterTax(t,regi,"seh2","feh2s","build","ES") + \left(v36\_expSlack(t,regi) \cdot 1e-8\right) \end{multline*}\]
barrier cost for low penetration
\[\begin{multline*} v36\_costAddH2LowPen(t,regi) = cm\_build\_H2costAddH2Inv \cdot \frac{\frac{ sm\_TWa\_2\_kWh }{ sm\_trillion\_2\_non }}{ \left(1 + 3^{v36\_costExponent(t,regi)}\right) } \end{multline*}\]
Logistic function exponent for additional cost for hydrogen at low penetration cost equation
\[\begin{multline*} v36\_costExponent(t,regi) = \frac{ 10 }{ \left(cm\_build\_H2costDecayEnd - cm\_build\_H2costDecayStart\right) } \cdot \left(v36\_H2share(t,regi) + 1e-7 -\frac{ \left(cm\_build\_H2costDecayEnd + cm\_build\_H2costDecayStart\right) }{ 2 }\right) - v36\_expSlack(t,regi) \end{multline*}\]
Hydrogen fe share in buildings gases use (natural gas + hydrogen)
\[\begin{multline*} v36\_H2share(t,regi) \cdot \sum_{se2fe(entySe,entyFe,te)\$\left(SAMEAS(entyFe,"feh2s") OR SAMEAS(entyFe,"fegas")\right)}\left( vm\_demFeSector\_afterTax(t,regi,entySe,entyFe,"build","ES")\right) = \sum_{se2fe(entySe,entyFe,te)\$SAMEAS(entyFe,"feh2s")}\left( vm\_demFeSector\_afterTax(t,regi,entySe,entyFe,"build","ES")\right) \end{multline*}\]
CES markup cost that are accounted in the budget (GDP) to represent sector-specific demand-side transformation cost in buildings
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_costCESMkup(t,regi,in) = p36\_CESMkup(t,regi,in) \cdot \left(vm\_cesIO(t,regi,in) + pm\_cesdata(t,regi,in,"offset\_quantity")\right) \end{multline*}\]
Use at least as much solids from biomass in buildings as was transformed via biotr in order to prevent that traditionally used biomass is also used in other sectors. This only applies to regions that still have traditional biomass use, which is defined via a gdp criteria.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{sector2emiMkt('build',emiMkt)}\left( vm\_demFeSector\_afterTax(t,regi,'sesobio','fesos','build',emiMkt) \right) \geq vm\_prodSe(t,regi,"pebiolc","sesobio","biotr") \end{multline*}\]
Limitations This realization does not distinguish across end-uses. Also, it does not allow for substitution between energy consumption and end-use capital.
| Description | Unit | A | |
|---|---|---|---|
| f36_uedemand_build (tall, all_regi, all_demScen, all_rcp_scen, all_in) |
useful energy demand in buildings | x | |
| p36_cesdata_sigma (all_in) |
substitution elasticities in buildings | x | |
| p36_CESMkup (ttot, all_regi, all_in) |
parameter for those CES markup cost accounted as investment cost in the budget | \(trUSD/CES input\) | x |
| p36_CESMkup_input (all_in) |
markup cost parameter read in from config for CES levels in buildings to influence demand-side cost and efficiencies in CES tree | \(trUSD/CES input\) | x |
| p36_floorspace (tall, all_regi) |
buildings floorspace, billion m2, in simple realization only used for reporting | x | |
| p36_floorspace_scen (tall, all_regi, all_demScen) |
floorspace, in buildings simple realization only used for reporting at the moment, not in optimization itself | x | |
| p36_uedemand_build (tall, all_regi, all_in) |
useful energy demand in buildings in TWh/a, in simple realization only used for reporting | x | |
| q36_auxCostAddTeInv (ttot, all_regi) |
logistic function exponent calculation for additional cost at low H2 penetration | x | |
| q36_biotrBound (ttot, all_regi) |
enforce that solid biomass demand in buildings is at least as much as what is transformed via biotr to prevent spillover to other sectors | x | |
| q36_costAddH2LowPen (ttot, all_regi) |
additional annual investment costs under low H2 penetration in buildings | x | |
| q36_costAddH2PhaseIn (ttot, all_regi) |
additional industry H2 t&d cost at low H2 penetration in buildings | x | |
| q36_costAddTeInv (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
summation of sector-specific demand-side cost | x | |
| q36_costCESmarkup (ttot, all_regi, all_in) |
calculation of additional CES markup cost that are accounted in the budget (GDP) to represent demand-side technology cost of end-use transformation, for example, cost of heat pumps | x | |
| q36_demFeBuild (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_emiMkt) |
buildings final energy demand | x | |
| q36_H2Share (ttot, all_regi) |
H2 share in gases | x | |
| v36_costAddH2LowPen (ttot, all_regi) |
low penetration H2 mark up component | x | |
| v36_costAddTeInvH2 (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
Additional H2 phase-in cost at low H2 penetration levels | \(trUSD\) | x |
| v36_costExponent (ttot, all_regi) |
logistic function exponent for additional cost for H2 at low penetration | x | |
| v36_expSlack (ttot, all_regi) |
slack variable to avoid overflow on too high logistic function exponent | x | |
| v36_H2share (ttot, all_regi) |
H2 share in gases | x |
| description | |
|---|---|
| all_demScen | all possible demand scenarios |
| all_emiMkt | emission markets |
| all_enty | all types of quantities |
| all_in | all inputs and outputs of the CES function |
| all_rcp_scen | all possible RCP scenarios |
| all_regi | all regions |
| all_te | all energy technologies, including from modules |
| cal_ppf_buildings_dyn36(all_in) | primary production factors for calibration - buildings |
| ces_buildings_dyn36(all_in, all_in) | CES tree structure - buildings |
| cesOut2cesIn(all_in, all_in) | CES tree structure |
| cesParameter | parameters of the CES functions and for calibration |
| emi_sectors | comprehensive sector set used for more detailed emissions accounting (REMIND-EU) and for CH4 tier 1 scaling - potentially to be integrated with similar set all_exogEmi |
| entyFe(all_enty) | final energy types. |
| entyFe2Sector(all_enty, emi_sectors) | final energy (stationary and transportation) mapping to sectors (industry, buildings, transportation and cdr) |
| entyFe36(all_enty) | FE carriers used in buildings |
| entySe(all_enty) | secondary energy types |
| fe_tax_sub_sbi(all_in, all_in) | correspondence between tax and subsidy input data resolution and model sectoral resolution. For FE which takes the pathway I to the CES |
| fe_tax_sub36(all_in, all_in) | correspondence between tax and subsidy input data resolution and model sectoral resolution |
| fe2ppfEn(all_enty, all_in) | mapping between CES FE variables and ESM FE variables |
| fe2ppfEn36(all_enty, all_in) | match ESM entyFe to ppfEn |
| in_buildings_dyn36(all_in) | all inputs and outputs of the CES function - buildings |
| in(all_in) | All inputs and outputs of the CES function |
| modules | all the available modules |
| ppfen_buildings_dyn36(all_in) | primary production factors energy - buildings |
| ppfen_CESMkup(all_in) | production factors of CES function to which CES markup cost can be applied |
| ppfen_MkupCost36(all_in) | primary production factors in buildings on which CES mark-up cost can be levied that are counted as expenses in the macroeconomic budget equation |
| ppfEn(all_in) | Primary production factors energy |
| regi(all_regi) | all regions used in the solution process |
| se2fe(all_enty, all_enty, all_te) | map secondary energy to end-use energy using a technology |
| sector2emiMkt(emi_sectors, all_emiMkt) | mapping sectors to emission markets |
| t(ttot) | optimisation time, years between cm_startyear and 2150 with 5 to 20 years time steps |
| tall | time index, each year from 1900 to 3000 |
| te(all_te) | energy technologies |
| ttot(tall) | time index with spin-up, years between 1900 and 2150 with 5 to 20 years time steps |
| ue_dyn36(all_in) | useful energy items |
Antoine Levesque, Robin Hasse