The 33_CDR module adds further options to remove CO2 from the atmosphere beyond BECCS and afforestation, which are calculated in the core. Currently, direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) and enhanced weathering of rocks (EW) are available, ocean alkalinization (OAE) implemented as ocean liming. All options can be switched on and off individually via the switches called cm_33[option abbreviation]. The module calculates capacities, emissions (including captured carbon), energy demand & supply, costs, and limitations associated with the different options.
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| Description | Unit | A | |
|---|---|---|---|
| cm_33_EW_shortTermLimit | Limit on 2030 potential for enhanced weathering, defined as % of land on which EW is applied. Default 0.5% of land | x | |
| cm_33_EW_upScalingRateLimit | Annual growth rate limit on upscaling of mining & spreading rocks on fields | x | |
| cm_33_OAE_eff | OAE efficiency measured in tCO2 uptaken by the ocean per tCaO. Typically between 0.9-1.4 (which corresponds to 1.2-1.8 molCO2/molCaO). | \(tCO2/tCaO\) | x |
| cm_33_OAE_scen | OAE distribution scenarios | x | |
| cm_33_OAE_startyr | The year when OAE could start being deployed | \(year\) | x |
| cm_33DAC | choose whether DAC (direct air capture) should be included into the CDR portfolio. | x | |
| cm_33EW | choose whether EW (enhanced weathering) should be included into the CDR portfolio. | x | |
| cm_33OAE | choose whether OAE (ocean alkalinity enhancement) should be included into the CDR portfolio. 0 = OAE not used, 1 = used | x | |
| cm_ccapturescen | carbon capture option choice, no carbon capture only if CCS and CCU are switched off! | x | |
| cm_gs_ew | grain size (for enhanced weathering, CDR module) | \(micrometre\) | x |
| cm_LimRock | limit amount of rock spread each year | \(Gt\) | x |
| cm_startyear | first optimized modelling time step | \(year\) | x |
| fm_dataemiglob (all_enty, all_enty, all_te, all_enty) |
read-in of emissions factors co2,cco2 | x | |
| pm_dt (tall) |
difference to last timestep | x | |
| pm_eta_conv (tall, all_regi, all_te) |
Time-dependent eta for technologies that do not have explicit time-dependant etas, still eta converges until 2050 to dataglob_values. | \(efficiency (0..1)\) | x |
| pm_pop (tall, all_regi) |
population data | \(bn people\) | x |
| pm_ts (tall) |
(t_n+1 - t_n-1)/2 for a timestep t_n | x | |
| pm_ttot_val (ttot) |
value of ttot set element | x | |
| sm_c_2_co2 | conversion from c to co2 | x | |
| sm_EJ_2_TWa | multiplicative factor to convert from EJ to TWa | x | |
| sm_eps | small number: 1e-9 | x | |
| vm_cap (tall, all_regi, all_te, rlf) |
net total capacities | x | |
| vm_capFac (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
capacity factor of conversion technologies | x | |
| vm_demFeSector_afterTax (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, emi_sectors, all_emiMkt) |
fe demand per sector and emission market after tax. Demand sectors should use this variable in their fe balance equations so demand side marginals include taxes effects. | \(TWa\) | x |
| vm_emiCdr (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
total (negative) emissions from CDR technologies of each region that are calculated in the CDR module. Note that it includes all atmospheric CO2 entering the CCUS chain (i.e. CO2 stored (CDR) AND used (not CDR)) | \(GtC\) | x |
| vm_omcosts_cdr (tall, all_regi) |
O&M costs for spreading grinded rocks on fields | x | |
| vm_prodFe (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te) |
fe production. | \(TWa\) | x |
| Description | Unit | |
|---|---|---|
| vm_co2capture_cdr (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te, rlf) |
total emissions captured through technologies in the CDR module that enter the CCUS chain + captured emissions from associated FE demand | \(GtC / a\) |
(DAC) Direct air capture uses heat and electricity to capture CO2 from the atmosphere, which can then either be used or stored. Modelled is a low-temperature solid adsorbent process based on the climeworks technology described in Beuttler et al. 2019. We assume 5.28 EJ/Gt C (* 12 Gt C/44 Gt CO2) = 1.44 GJ/tCO2 (10^6 kJ / GJ 1h/3600s) = 400 kWh/tCO2 electricity and 21.12 EJ/Gt C (* 12 Gt C/44 Gt CO2) = 5,76 GJ/tCO2 (10^6 kJ / GJ 1h/3600s) = 1600 kWh/tCO2 low-temperature heat demand. The heat can be provided via district heat, electricity, gas, or H2. If gas is used, the resulting CO2 is captured with a capture rate of 90%.
(EW) Basalt is mined and ground to fine grain sizes (specified in cm_gs_ew, by default 20 µm), and then spread on crop fields where it weathers in reaction with water and atmospheric CO2. Electricity is needed to grind the rocks and diesel is needed for transportation and spreading on crop fields. The weathering process leads to an exponential decay over time of the spread rocks. There is an upper limit on the amount of rock that can be on the fields, so that in equilibrium only the part that decays in one timestep can be replaced in the next. In addition, an arbitrary limit of the amount of rock spread each year can be set in cm_LimRock. Costs consist of costs for capital, O&M, distribution and transport (grades depend on region specific transport distance from mine to fields).
(OAE) Ocean alkalinity enhancement via ocean liming draws down CO2 from the atmosphere by adding (hydrated) lime to the coastal or open ocean. Calcination process, which involves heating limestone to typically around 900-1000°C, results in lime (CaO) and CO2. The CO2 from the process as well as burning gas (if used for fueling the calciner) is assumed to be captured with a capture rate of 90%. The steps required to produce hydrated lime for ocean liming, including limestone extraction, comminution, calcination, and hydration, are already well-established and used at a large scale in the cement industry. Two options for ocean liming are parametrized: obtaining lime using a traditional calciner fueled by natural gas and a novel calciner that can be fueled by either electricity or hydrogen. The efficiency of the method depends on exogenous parameter cm_33_OAE_eff and distribution scenario (which can be optimistic or pesimistic depending on the discharge rate, e.g., how hard it is to avoid precipitation when distributing the alkaline material).
Equations for each option determine the capacity, emissions, energy demand, costs and limits.
FE demand from Beuttler et al. 2019 (Climeworks)
p33_fedem("dac", "feels") = 5.28; !! FE demand electricity for ventilation
p33_fedem("dac", "fehes") = 21.12; !! FE demand heat for material recoveryfix costs [T$/Gt stone]. Data from strefler et al. in $/t stone: mining, crushing, grinding (5.0 investment costs, 25.1 O&M costs), spreading (12.1 O&M costs)
s33_costs_fix = 0.0422;
s33_co2_rem_pot = 0.3 * 12/44; !! default for basalt, for Olivine 1.1carbon removal rate: eqs 2+c1 in strefler, amann et al. (2018): wr = grain surface area based WR (10^-10.53 mol m^-2 s^-1) * molar weight of basalt/forsterite (140.7 g/mol) * 3.155^7 s/a * SSA(gs)
s33_co2_rem_rate = 10**(-10.53) * 125 * 3.155*10**7 * 69.18*(cm_gs_ew**(-1.24));
p33_co2_rem_rate("1") = -log(1-s33_co2_rem_rate * 0.94);
p33_co2_rem_rate("2") = -log(1-s33_co2_rem_rate * 0.29);JeS FE demand fit from Thorben: SI D in strefler, amann et al. (2018)
p33_fedem("weathering", "feels") = 6.62 * cm_gs_ew**(-1.16);
p33_fedem("weathering", "fedie") = 0.3;Factor distributing the global rock limit across regions according to population
p33_LimRock(regi) = pm_pop("2005",regi) / sum(regi2,pm_pop("2005",regi2));Annual growth rate limit on upscaling of mining & spreading rocks on fields
p33_EW_upScalingLimit(ttot) = cm_33_EW_upScalingRateLimit;Calculation of short term limit on rocks spread on field in terms of Gt rocks that can be spread.
p33_EW_shortTermEW_Limit(regi) = cm_33_EW_shortTermLimit * sum(rlf, f33_maxProdGradeRegiWeathering(regi, rlf));
!! An assumption; generally the efficiency might vary between 0.9-1.4 tCO2/tCaO (1.2-1.8 molCO2/molCaO),
!! depending on e.g., ocean chemistry and currents in a given region
s33_OAE_efficiency = cm_33_OAE_eff / sm_c_2_co2; !! GtC (ocean uptake) per unit of GtCaO
!! 0.78 tCO2 are emitted in the decomposition of limestone to produce 1 tCaO
s33_OAE_chem_decomposition = 0.78 / sm_c_2_co2 / s33_OAE_efficiency; !! GtC from decomposition per 1GtC taken by the ocean, 0.78 t/tCaO
p33_fedem(te_oae33, "feels") = 1.0 / s33_OAE_efficiency; !! 996 MJ/tCaO, used for grinding, air separation, CO2 compression
p33_fedem(te_oae33, "fehes") = 3.1 / s33_OAE_efficiency; !! 3100 MJ/tCaO, used for calcination
if(cm_33_OAE_scen = 0, !! pessimistic scenario for distribution, high diesel demand
p33_fedem(te_oae33, "fedie") = 2.6 / s33_OAE_efficiency; !! 2600 MJ/tCaO (corresponds to discharge rate of 30 t/h)
); !! fedie is used for inland transport of the material and maritime transport to distribute the material in the ocean
if(cm_33_OAE_scen = 1, !! optimistic scenario for distribution, lower diesel demand
p33_fedem(te_oae33, "fedie") = 0.77 / s33_OAE_efficiency; !! 770 MJ/tCaO (corresponds to the discharge rate of 100 t/h)
);CDR Final Energy Balance
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{fe2cdr(entyFe,entyFe2,te\_used33)}\left( v33\_FEdemand(t,regi,entyFe,entyFe2,te\_used33) \right) = \sum_{\left(entySe,te\right)\$se2fe(entySe,entyFe,te)}\left( vm\_demFeSector\_afterTax(t,regi,entySe,entyFe,"cdr","ETS") \right) \end{multline*}\]
Sum of all CDR emissions other than BECCS and afforestation, which are calculated in the core. The negative emissions are discounted by emissions that are released due to <100 percent capture rate, as they are unavoidable (1-s33_capture_rate of the emissions that are possible to capture). Note that this includes all atmospheric CO2 captured in this module that enters the CCUS chain.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_emiCdr(t,regi,"co2") = \sum_{te\_used33} vm\_emiCdrTeDetail(t,regi,te\_used33) + \left(1 - s33\_capture\_rate\right) \cdot \left( \sum_{te\_ccs33}\left( v33\_co2emi\_non\_atm\_gas\left(t, regi, te\_ccs33\right)\right) + \sum_{te\_oae33}\left( v33\_co2emi\_non\_atm\_calcination\left(t, regi, te\_oae33\right)\right) \right) \end{multline*}\]
Calculation of gross (negative) CO2 emissions from capacity. Negative emissions from enhanced weathering also result from decaying rock spread in previous timesteps, so emissions do not equal to the capacity (i.e., how much rock is spread in a given timestep).
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_emiCdrTeDetail\left(t, regi, te\_used33\right) = - \sum_{teNoTransform2rlf33\left(te\_used33, rlf\right)}\left( vm\_capFac\left(t, regi, te\_used33\right) \cdot vm\_cap\left(t, regi, te\_used33, rlf\right) \right) \end{multline*}\]
The CO2 captured from gas used for heat production (DAC, OAE).
\[\begin{multline*} v33\_co2emi\_non\_atm\_gas\left(t, regi, te\_ccs33\right) = fm\_dataemiglob("pegas","seh2","gash2c","cco2") \cdot \left(\frac{1 }{ pm\_eta\_conv(t,regi,"gash2c")}\right) \cdot \sum_{fe2cdr\left("fegas", entyFe2, te\_ccs33\right)}\left( v33\_FEdemand\left(t, regi,"fegas", entyFe2, te\_ccs33\right)\right) \end{multline*}\]
Preparation of captured emissions to enter the CCUS chain. The first part of the equation describes emissons captured from the ambient air, the second part is non-atmospheric CO2 (e.g., from energy usage and calcination), assuming a capture rate s33_capture_rate.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{teCCS2rlf\left(te, rlf\right)}\left( vm\_co2capture\_cdr\left(t, regi, enty, enty2, te, rlf\right)\right) = - vm\_emiCdrTeDetail\left(t, regi, "dac"\right) + s33\_capture\_rate \cdot \left( \sum_{te\_ccs33}\left( v33\_co2emi\_non\_atm\_gas\left(t, regi, te\_ccs33\right)\right) + \sum_{te\_oae33}\left( v33\_co2emi\_non\_atm\_calcination\left(t, regi, te\_oae33\right)\right) \right) \end{multline*}\]
Limit the amount of H2 from biomass to the demand without CDR. It’s a sustainability bound to prevent a large demand for biomass.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{pe2se("pebiolc","seh2",te)} vm\_prodSE(t,regi,"pebiolc","seh2",te) \leq vm\_prodFe(t,regi,"seh2","feh2s","tdh2s") - \sum_{fe2cdr("feh2s",entyFe2,te\_used33)} v33\_FEdemand(t,regi,"feh2s",entyFe2,te\_used33) \end{multline*}\]
Calculation of FE demand for DAC, i.e., electricity demand for ventilation, and heat demand.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{fe2cdr(entyFe,entyFe2,"dac")} v33\_FEdemand(t,regi,entyFe,entyFe2,"dac") = p33\_fedem\left("dac", entyFe2\right) \cdot sm\_EJ\_2\_TWa \cdot \left(- vm\_emiCdrTeDetail(t,regi,"dac")\right) \end{multline*}\]
Calculation of the amount of ground rock spread in timestep t.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{rlf\_cz33, rlf} v33\_EW\_onfield(t,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \leq \sum_{teNoTransform2rlf33("weathering",rlf)}\left( vm\_capFac(t,regi,"weathering") \cdot vm\_cap(t,regi,"weathering",rlf) \right) \end{multline*}\]
Calculation of the total amount of ground rock on the fields in timestep t. The first part of the equation describes the decay of the rocks added until that time, the rest describes the newly added rocks.
\[\begin{multline*} v33\_EW\_onfield\_tot(ttot,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) = v33\_EW\_onfield\_tot(ttot-1,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \cdot exp\left(-p33\_co2\_rem\_rate(rlf\_cz33) \cdot pm\_ts(ttot)\right) + v33\_EW\_onfield(ttot-1,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \cdot \left( \sum_{tall\$\left(tall.val le \left(ttot.val -\frac{ pm\_ts(ttot)}{2}\right) and tall.val gt \left(ttot.val - pm\_ts(ttot)\right)\right)}\left( exp\left(-p33\_co2\_rem\_rate(rlf\_cz33) \cdot \left(ttot.val - tall.val\right)\right) \right) \right) + v33\_EW\_onfield(ttot,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \cdot \left( \sum_{tall\$\left(tall.val le ttot.val and tall.val gt \left(ttot.val -\frac{ pm\_ts(ttot)}{2}\right)\right)}\left( exp\left(-p33\_co2\_rem\_rate(rlf\_cz33) \cdot \left(ttot.val-tall.val\right)\right) \right) \right) \end{multline*}\]
Calculation of (negative) CO2 emissions from enhanced weathering.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_emiCdrTeDetail\left(t,regi, "weathering"\right) = \sum_{rlf\_cz33, rlf}\left( - v33\_EW\_onfield\_tot(t,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \cdot s33\_co2\_rem\_pot \cdot \left(1 - exp\left(-p33\_co2\_rem\_rate(rlf\_cz33)\right)\right) \right) \end{multline*}\]
Calculation of FE demand for enhanced weathering, i.e., electricity demand for grinding, and the diesel demand for transportation and spreading on crop fields.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{fe2cdr(entyFe,entyFe2,"weathering")} v33\_FEdemand(t,regi,entyFe,entyFe2,"weathering") = p33\_fedem("weathering",entyFe2) \cdot sm\_EJ\_2\_TWa \cdot \sum_{rlf\_cz33, rlf} v33\_EW\_onfield(t,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \end{multline*}\]
O&M costs of EW, consisting of fix costs for mining, grinding and spreading, and transportation costs.
\[\begin{multline*} vm\_omcosts\_cdr(t,regi) = \sum_{rlf\_cz33, rlf}\left( \left(s33\_costs\_fix + p33\_EW\_transport\_costs(regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf)\right) \cdot v33\_EW\_onfield(t,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \right) \end{multline*}\]
Limit total amount of ground rock on the fields to regional maximum potentials.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{rlf} v33\_EW\_onfield\_tot(t,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \leq f33\_maxProdGradeRegiWeathering(regi,rlf\_cz33) \end{multline*}\]
An annual limit for the maximum global amount of rocks spread [Gt] can be set via cm_LimRock, e.g. due to sustainability concerns.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{rlf\_cz33, rlf} v33\_EW\_onfield(t,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \leq cm\_LimRock \cdot p33\_LimRock(regi) \end{multline*}\]
Short term bound on spreading of rock
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{rlf\_cz33, rlf} v33\_EW\_onfield(t,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \leq p33\_EW\_shortTermEW\_Limit(regi) \end{multline*}\]
Limits on the upscaling rate of mining and spreading of rocks. Current cost parameters do not include cost of additional mining being developed, thus adjustment cost are not effective.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{rlf\_cz33, rlf} v33\_EW\_onfield(ttot,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) \leq \left(1+p33\_EW\_upScalingLimit(ttot)\right)^{pm\_dt(ttot) } \cdot \sum_{rlf\_cz33, rlf} v33\_EW\_onfield(ttot-1,regi,rlf\_cz33,rlf) + p33\_EW\_shortTermEW\_Limit(regi) \end{multline*}\]
Calculation of FE demand for OAE, i.e., electricity for rock preprocessing, and heat for calcination.
\[\begin{multline*} \sum_{fe2cdr\left(entyFe, entyFe2, te\_oae33\right)}\left( v33\_FEdemand\left(t, regi, entyFe, entyFe2, te\_oae33\right)\right) = p33\_fedem\left(te\_oae33, entyFe2\right) \cdot sm\_EJ\_2\_TWa \cdot \left(- vm\_emiCdrTeDetail\left(t, regi, te\_oae33\right)\right) \end{multline*}\]
The CO2 captured from limestone decomposition (OAE technologies only).
\[\begin{multline*} v33\_co2emi\_non\_atm\_calcination\left(t, regi, te\_oae33\right) = - s33\_OAE\_chem\_decomposition \cdot vm\_emiCdrTeDetail\left(t, regi, te\_oae33\right) \end{multline*}\]
Limitations There are no known limitations.
| Description | |
|---|---|
| f33_maxProdGradeRegiWeathering (all_regi, rlf) |
regional maximum potentials for enhanced weathering in Gt of grinded stone/a for different grades |
| p33_co2_rem_rate (rlf) |
carbon removal rate [fraction of annual reduction of total carbon removal potential], multiplied with grade factor |
| p33_EW_shortTermEW_Limit (all_regi) |
Limit on 2030 potential for enhanced weathering, defined in Gt rocks, based on % of land on which EW is applied |
| p33_EW_transport_costs (all_regi, rlf, rlf) |
transport costs |
| p33_EW_upScalingLimit (ttot) |
Annual growth rate limit on upscaling of mining & spreading rocks on fields |
| p33_fedem (all_te, all_enty) |
final energy demand of each technology [EJ/GtC] (for EW the unit is [EJ/Gt stone]) |
| p33_LimRock (all_regi) |
regional share of EW limit [fraction], calculated ex ante for a maximal annual amount of 8 Gt rock in D:_technical_curve_transport_remind_regions.m |
| q33_capconst (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
calculates amount of carbon captured by DAC and OAE |
| q33_ccsbal (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te) |
calculates CCS emissions from CDR technologies |
| q33_co2emi_non_atm_gas (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
calculates the share of captured CO2 that comes from burning gas |
| q33_DAC_FEdemand (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
calculates final energy demand from DAC |
| q33_demFeCDR (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
CDR demand balance for final energy |
| q33_emiCDR (ttot, all_regi) |
aggregates the (negative) emissions captured by the CDR technologies |
| q33_EW_capconst (ttot, all_regi) |
calculates amount of ground rock spread on fields |
| q33_EW_emi (ttot, all_regi) |
calculates amount of carbon captured by EW |
| q33_EW_FEdemand (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
calculates final energy demand from enhanced weathering |
| q33_EW_LimEmi (ttot, all_regi) |
limits EW to a maximal annual amount of ground rock of cm_LimRock |
| q33_EW_omcosts (ttot, all_regi) |
calculates O&M costs for spreading ground rocks on fields |
| q33_EW_onfield_tot (ttot, all_regi, rlf, rlf) |
total amount of ground rock on fields |
| q33_EW_potential (ttot, all_regi, rlf) |
limits the total potential of EW per region and grade |
| q33_EW_ShortTermBound (ttot, all_regi) |
Limits short term potential for enhanced weathering |
| q33_EW_upscaling_rate (ttot, all_regi) |
limits spreading of rock to a steep but credible upscaling rate |
| q33_H2bio_lim (ttot, all_regi) |
limits H2 from bioenergy to FE - H2 demand from CDR, i.e. no H2 from bioenergy for DAC |
| q33_OAE_co2emi_non_atm_calcination (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
calculates the CO2 that comes from calcination (limestone decomposition) |
| q33_OAE_FEdemand (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_te) |
calculates final energy demand for ocean alkalinity enhancement |
| s33_capture_rate | CO2 capture rate for capturing emissions, e.g., from burning natural gas |
| s33_co2_rem_pot | specific carbon removal potential |
| s33_co2_rem_rate | carbon removal rate |
| s33_costs_fix | fixed costs for mining, grinding, spreading |
| s33_OAE_chem_decomposition | the fraction of CO2 that comes from chemical decomposition in the calcination process |
| s33_OAE_efficiency | the amount of rock required to sequester 1GtC |
| s33_OAE_glo_limit | global limit for OAE |
| s33_step | size of bins in v33_weathering_onfield |
| v33_co2emi_non_atm_calcination (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
CO2 from calcination |
| v33_co2emi_non_atm_gas (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
CO2 from CDR-related acitivites that comes from energy demand |
| v33_EW_onfield (ttot, all_regi, rlf, rlf) |
amount of ground rock spread on fields in each timestep |
| v33_EW_onfield_tot (ttot, all_regi, rlf, rlf) |
total amount of ground rock on fields, for each climate zone and transportation distance |
| v33_FEdemand (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te) |
FE demand of each technology |
| Unit | A | |
|---|---|---|
| f33_maxProdGradeRegiWeathering (all_regi, rlf) |
x | |
| p33_co2_rem_rate (rlf) |
x | |
| p33_EW_shortTermEW_Limit (all_regi) |
x | |
| p33_EW_transport_costs (all_regi, rlf, rlf) |
\(T\$/Gt stone\) | x |
| p33_EW_upScalingLimit (ttot) |
x | |
| p33_fedem (all_te, all_enty) |
x | |
| p33_LimRock (all_regi) |
x | |
| q33_capconst (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
x | |
| q33_ccsbal (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te) |
x | |
| q33_co2emi_non_atm_gas (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
x | |
| q33_DAC_FEdemand (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
x | |
| q33_demFeCDR (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
x | |
| q33_emiCDR (ttot, all_regi) |
x | |
| q33_EW_capconst (ttot, all_regi) |
x | |
| q33_EW_emi (ttot, all_regi) |
x | |
| q33_EW_FEdemand (ttot, all_regi, all_enty) |
x | |
| q33_EW_LimEmi (ttot, all_regi) |
x | |
| q33_EW_omcosts (ttot, all_regi) |
x | |
| q33_EW_onfield_tot (ttot, all_regi, rlf, rlf) |
x | |
| q33_EW_potential (ttot, all_regi, rlf) |
x | |
| q33_EW_ShortTermBound (ttot, all_regi) |
x | |
| q33_EW_upscaling_rate (ttot, all_regi) |
x | |
| q33_H2bio_lim (ttot, all_regi) |
x | |
| q33_OAE_co2emi_non_atm_calcination (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
x | |
| q33_OAE_FEdemand (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_te) |
x | |
| s33_capture_rate | x | |
| s33_co2_rem_pot | \(Gt C/Gt ground rock\) | x |
| s33_co2_rem_rate | \(fraction of annual reduction of total carbon removal potential\) | x |
| s33_costs_fix | \(T\$/Gt stone\) | x |
| s33_OAE_chem_decomposition | x | |
| s33_OAE_efficiency | \(Gt rock / GtC\) | x |
| s33_OAE_glo_limit | \(tC / a\) | x |
| s33_step | \(Gt stone\) | x |
| v33_co2emi_non_atm_calcination (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
\(GtC / a\) | x |
| v33_co2emi_non_atm_gas (ttot, all_regi, all_te) |
\(GtC / a\) | x |
| v33_EW_onfield (ttot, all_regi, rlf, rlf) |
\(Gt\) | x |
| v33_EW_onfield_tot (ttot, all_regi, rlf, rlf) |
\(Gt\) | x |
| v33_FEdemand (ttot, all_regi, all_enty, all_enty, all_te) |
\(TWa\) | x |
| description | |
|---|---|
| all_emiMkt | emission markets |
| all_enty | all types of quantities |
| all_regi | all regions |
| all_te | all energy technologies, including from modules |
| ccs2te(all_enty, all_enty, all_te) | chain for ccs |
| ccsCo2(all_enty) | only cco2 (???) |
| emi_sectors | comprehensive sector set used for more detailed emissions accounting (REMIND-EU) and for CH4 tier 1 scaling - potentially to be integrated with similar set all_exogEmi |
| emi(all_enty) | types of emissions, these emissions are given to the climate module |
| enty(all_enty) | all types of quantities |
| entyFe(all_enty) | final energy types. |
| entyFe2Sector(all_enty, emi_sectors) | final energy (stationary and transportation) mapping to sectors (industry, buildings, transportation and cdr) |
| entySe(all_enty) | secondary energy types |
| fe2cdr(all_enty, all_enty, all_te) | mapping of FE carriers supplying FE demand for all technologies |
| in(all_in) | All inputs and outputs of the CES function |
| modules | all the available modules |
| pe2se(all_enty, all_enty, all_te) | map primary energy carriers to secondary |
| regi(all_regi) | all regions used in the solution process |
| rlf | cost levels of fossil fuels |
| rlf_cz33(rlf) | representing weathering rates depending on climate zones according to Strefler, Amann et al. (2017) |
| se2fe(all_enty, all_enty, all_te) | map secondary energy to end-use energy using a technology |
| t(ttot) | optimisation time, years between cm_startyear and 2150 with 5 to 20 years time steps |
| tall | time index, each year from 1900 to 3000 |
| te_all33(all_te) | all CDR technologies |
| te_ccs33(all_te) | used CDR technologies that require CCS |
| te_oae33(all_te) | OAE technologies used |
| te_used33(all_te) | used CDR technologies (specified by switches) |
| te(all_te) | energy technologies |
| teAdj(all_te) | technologies with adjustment costs on capacity additions |
| teAdj33(all_te) | used CDR technologies with linearly growing constraint on control variable |
| teCCS2rlf(all_te, rlf) | mapping for CCS technologies to grades |
| teLearn(all_te) | Learning technologies (for which investment costs are reduced endogenously through capacity deployment). |
| teLearn33(all_te) | used learning CDR technologies |
| teNoTransform(all_te) | all technologies that do not transform energy but still have investment and O&M costs (like storage or grid) |
| teNoTransform2rlf(all_te, rlf) | mapping for no transformation technologies to grades |
| teNoTransform2rlf33(all_te, rlf) | mapping for final energy to grades (used CDR technologies) |
| teNoTransform33(all_te) | used CDR technologies that do not transform energy but still have investment and O&M costs (like storage or grid) |
| ttot(tall) | time index with spin-up, years between 1900 and 2150 with 5 to 20 years time steps |
Jessica Strefler, Katarzyna Kowalczyk, Anne Merfort