MAgPIE - An Open Source land-use modeling framework

4.7.2

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Livestock (70_livestock)

Description

The livestock module calculates how much and what kind of biomass is required as feed to produce livestock food commodities.

For this purpose, the livestock module provides for every time-step regional and product-specific feed baskets that determine type and magnitude of feed needed to produce one unit of livestock commodities. Estimated pasture feed demand is also relevant for the module 31_past in order to derive required pasture areas. The information flow between the livestock and the pasture module is organized via interfaces vm_dem_feed, vm_supply and vm_prod_reg via modules 16_demand and 21_trade. Feed demand estimates are also required for the modules 53_methane and 55_awms. Additionally, the livestock module provides production costs for livestock commodities.

Interfaces

Input

Output

Realizations

(A) fbask_jan16

The fbask_jan16 realization of the livestock module is based on the methodology as described in Weindl, Bodirsky, et al. (2017) and Weindl, Popp, et al. (2017). An important part of the feed demand calculations is conducted outside of the core MAgPIE-GAMS code. Livestock products (ruminant meat, whole-milk, pork, poultry meat and eggs) are supplied by five animal food systems (beef cattle, dairy cattle, pigs, broilers and laying hens). The parameterization of the livestock sector in the initial year is consistent with FAO statistics regarding livestock production, livestock productivity and concentrate feed use. The fbask_jan16 realization requires regional and product-specific feed baskets that are calculated by a set of preprocessing routines outside of the MAgPIE-GAMS code. Following the methodology of Wirsenius (2000), feed conversion (total feed input per product output in dry matter) and feed baskets (demand for different feed types per product output in dry matter) are derived by compiling system-specific feed energy balances. For the establishment of these balances, we apply feed energy requirements per output, as estimated by wirsenius_human_2000 for each animal function and animal food system. These estimates are based on standardized bio-energetic equations and include the minimum energy requirements for maintenance, growth, lactation, reproduction and other basic biological functions of the animals. Moreover, they comprise a general allowance for basic activity and temperature effects. By distributing the available feed at country level to animal food systems according to their feed energy demand and dividing resulting dry matter feed use by the production volume of the respective systems, we obtain both estimates for feed conversion and feed baskets across different animal food systems and countries. To facilitate projections of feed conversion and feed baskets, we create regression models with livestock productivity (annual production per animal [ton fresh matter/animal/year]) as predictor, which permit the construction of livestock feeding scenarios. Currently, feeding scenarios are derived based on exogenous livestock productivity scenarios consistent with the storylines of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). For beef cattle, pigs and broilers, livestock productivity is defined as meat production per animals in stock (e.g. total cattle herd) and for dairy cattle and laying hen as milk or egg production per producing animals (e.g. milk cows). A power function is used to describe the functional relation between feed conversion and livestock productivity: In the case of feed composition, we use an additional proxy parameter in our analysis. What type of biomass is used to feed animals is to a certain extent influenced by universal aspects (e.g. the need for more energy-rich feed at higher productivity levels), whereas other aspects are strongly influenced by geographical location (e.g. availability and costs of permanent pasture compared to cropland feed, agro-ecological and climatic conditions that favour selected feed items; socio-cultural determinants etc.). For cattle systems the proxy (climate-zone specific factor) was determined by calculating the share of the national population living in arid and cold climate zones. These relationships between feed baskets and livestock productivity are used to construct feeding scenarios that reflect the narratives of the SSPs. The resulting feed baskets enter the MAgPIE model as scenario-dependent input data and are crucial for the feed demand calculations in the livestock module.

Demand for different feed items is derived by multiplying the regional livestock production with the respective feed baskets. Additionally, inconsistencies with the FAO inventory of national feed use in the case of crops as well as consideration of alternative feed sources that reduce e.g. the demand for grazed biomass like scavenging and roadside grazing are balanced out by the parameter fm_feed_balanceflow.

\[\begin{multline*} vm\_dem\_feed(i2,kap,kall) \geq vm\_prod\_reg(i2,kap) \cdot \sum_{ct}im\_feed\_baskets(ct,i2,kap,kall) +\sum_{ct}fm\_feed\_balanceflow(ct,i2,kap,kall) \end{multline*}\]

Factor requirement costs (e.g. labour, capital, but without costs for feed) of livestock production depend on the amount of production and the per-unit costs. For ruminant products (milk and meet), we use a regression of per-unit factor costs from the GTAP database (Narayanan and Walmsley 2008) and livestock productivity. Here, factor costs rise with intensification. The per-unit costs for non-ruminants and fish are assumed to be independent from productivity trajectories for simplification. Therefore, i70_cost_regr(i,kli,"cost_regr_b") is set to zero in the case of livestock products generated in monogastric systems. To account for increased hourly labor costs and producitivity in case of an external wage scenario, the total labor costs are scaled by the corresponding increase in hourly labor costs and the related productivity gain from 36_employment.

\[\begin{multline*} vm\_cost\_prod\_livst(i2,"labor") = \sum_{kli}\left( vm\_prod\_reg(i2,kli) \cdot \sum_{ct} i70\_fac\_req\_livst(ct,i2,kli)\right) \cdot \sum_{ct} p70\_cost\_share\_livst(ct,i2,"labor") \cdot \sum_{ct}\left( \left(\frac{1}{pm\_productivity\_gain\_from\_wages(ct,i2)}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{pm\_hourly\_costs(ct,i2,"scenario") }{ pm\_hourly\_costs(ct,i2,"baseline")}\right)\right) \end{multline*}\]

\[\begin{multline*} vm\_cost\_prod\_livst(i2,"capital") = \sum_{kli}\left( vm\_prod\_reg(i2,kli) \cdot \sum_{ct} i70\_fac\_req\_livst(ct,i2,kli)\right) \cdot \sum_{ct} p70\_cost\_share\_livst(ct,i2,"capital") \end{multline*}\]

\[\begin{multline*} vm\_cost\_prod\_fish(i2) = vm\_prod\_reg(i2,"fish") \cdot i70\_cost\_regr(i2,"fish","cost\_regr\_a") \end{multline*}\]

The fbask_jan16 realization of the livestock module also estimates an exogenous pasture management factor pm_past_mngmnt_factor that is used to scale biophysical pasture yields in the module 14_yields. The exogenous calculation of pasture management requires information on changes in the number of cattle reared to fulfil the food demand for ruminant livestock products:

p70_cattle_stock_proxy(t,i) = im_pop(t,i)*pm_kcal_pc_initial(t,i,"livst_rum")
                  /i70_livestock_productivity(t,i,"sys_beef");
p70_milk_cow_proxy(t,i) = im_pop(t,i)*pm_kcal_pc_initial(t,i,"livst_milk")
                  /i70_livestock_productivity(t,i,"sys_dairy");

The lower bound for p70_cattle_stock_proxy and p70_milk_cow_proxy is set to 20% of initial values in 1995:

p70_cattle_stock_proxy(t,i)$(p70_cattle_stock_proxy(t,i) < 0.2*p70_cattle_stock_proxy("y1995",i)) = 0.2*p70_cattle_stock_proxy("y1995",i);
p70_milk_cow_proxy(t,i)$(p70_milk_cow_proxy(t,i) < 0.2*p70_milk_cow_proxy("y1995",i)) = 0.2*p70_milk_cow_proxy("y1995",i);

The parameter p70_cattle_feed_pc_proxy is a proxy for regional daily per capita feed demand for pasture biomass driven by demand for beef and dairy products, which is later used for weighted aggregation.

p70_cattle_feed_pc_proxy(t,i,kli_rd) = pm_kcal_pc_initial(t,i,kli_rd)*im_feed_baskets(t,i,kli_rd,"pasture")/(fm_nutrition_attributes(t,kli_rd,"kcal") * 10**6);

The parameter p70_incr_cattle describes the changes in the number of cattle relative to the previous time step:

if (ord(t)>1,
   p70_incr_cattle(t,i) = ( (p70_cattle_feed_pc_proxy(t,i,"livst_rum")  + 10**(-6))* (p70_cattle_stock_proxy(t,i)/p70_cattle_stock_proxy(t-1,i))
                                          +  (p70_cattle_feed_pc_proxy(t,i,"livst_milk") + 10**(-6)) * (p70_milk_cow_proxy(t,i)/p70_milk_cow_proxy(t-1,i)) )
                                        / sum(kli_rd, p70_cattle_feed_pc_proxy(t,i,kli_rd) + 10**(-6));
else
   p70_incr_cattle(t,i) = 1;
);

The pasture management factor is calculated by applying a linear relationship that links changes in pasture management with changes in the number of cattle:

if (m_year(t) <= s70_past_mngmnt_factor_fix,
   pm_past_mngmnt_factor(t,i) = 1;
else               
   pm_past_mngmnt_factor(t,i) =   ( (s70_pyld_intercept + f70_pyld_slope_reg(i)*p70_incr_cattle(t,i)**(5/(m_year(t)-m_year(t-1))) 
           )**((m_year(t)-m_year(t-1))/5) )*pm_past_mngmnt_factor(t-1,i);
 );

Limitations Intensification of livestock production and related changes in livestock feeding are modelled exogenously. Therefore, the livestock sector does not endogenously respond to demand and climate shocks and policies, e.g. targeting climate protection.

Definitions

Objects

Sets

Authors

Isabelle Weindl, Benjamin Bodirsky

See Also

09_drivers, 11_costs, 14_yields, 15_food, 16_demand, 17_production, 36_employment, 53_methane, 55_awms, 71_disagg_lvst

References