REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development

REMIND is a global multi-regional model incorporating the economy, the climate system and a detailed representation of the energy sector. It solves for an intertemporal Pareto optimum in economic and energy investments in the model regions, fully accounting for interregional trade in goods, energy carriers and emissions allowances. REMIND enables analyses of technology options and policy proposals for climate change mitigation.

The macro-economic core of REMIND is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which intertemporal global welfare is optimized subject to equilibrium constraints (02_welfare). Intertemporal optimization (80_optimization) with perfect foresight is subject to market clearing. The model explicitly represents trade in final goods, primary energy carriers, and when certain climate policies are enabled, emissions allowances (24_trade). The macro-economic production factors are capital, labor, and final energy. A nested production function with constant elasticity of substitution determines the final energy demand (01_macro, 29_CES_parameters). REMIND uses economic output for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as for consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.

The macro-economic core and the energy system part are hard-linked via the final energy demand and the costs incurred by the energy system. Economic activity results in demand for final energy in different sectors (transport (35_transport), industry (37_industry), buildings (36_buildings)…) and of different type (electric (32_power) and non-electric). The primary energy carriers in REMIND include both exhaustible and renewable resources. Exhaustible resources comprise uranium as well as three fossil resources (31_fossil), namely coal, oil, and gas. Renewable resources include hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass (30_biomass). More than 50 technologies are available for the conversion of primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy.

The model accounts for the full range of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which are represented by source. REMIND simulates emissions from long-lived GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O), short-lived GHGs (CO, NOx, VOC) and aerosols (SO2, BC, OC). It accounts for these emissions with different levels of detail depending on the types and sources of emissions. It calculates CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, CH4 emissions from fossil fuel extraction and residential energy use, and N2O emissions from energy supply based on sources.

The code is structured in a modular way, with code belonging either to the model’s core, or to one of the modules. The folder structure is as follows: at the top level are the folders config, core, modules and scripts. The config folder contains the REMIND settings and configuration information. The core folder contains all the files that are part of the core. The modules folder holds all the files that belong to the modules, with numbered sub-folders for every module. The scripts folder contains helpful scripts for starting a model run and analysing results.

REMIND is run by executing the main.gms file, which loads the configuration information and builds the model, by concatenating all necessary files from the core and modules folders into a single file called full.gms. The concatenation process starts with files from the core and continues with files from activated modules, in increasing order of module-number. It observes the following structure:

SETS

DECLARATION    ---> of equations, variables, parameters, and scalars

DATAINPUT

EQUATIONS

PRELOOP        ---> initial calibration of e.g. macroeconomic model

LOOP
---> read gdx
----------------------------------------------- BEGIN OF NEGISH/NASH ITERATION LOOP -----
* BOUNDS
* PRESOLVE
* SOLVE     ---> solve statement in module 80_optimization
* POSTSOLVE

---> write gdx
----------------------------------------------- END OF NEGISHI/NASH ITERATATION LOOP ----

OUTPUT

The GAMS code follows a Coding Etiquette:

Naming conventions:

Please put effort into choosing intelligible names
Don’t just enumerate existing names: budget1/budget2, tradebal1/tradebal2 will cause everyone for the next years much more frustration than if you choose names like emi_budget_G8/emi_budget_Mud, tradebal_res/tradebal_perm/tradebal_good
Explain the abbreviation you designed in the descriptive text (the part with the " " behind each parameter/variable/equation declaration). directteinv is easier to memorize if you know it means “Direct technology investment”
Within REMIND files: use Capitalization to improve readability. XpPerm is more easily translated into “Export of Permits” than xpperm, the first part of the name (after the prefix) should describe the type of parameter/variable (e.g. sh for share, cap for capacity, prod for production, dem for demand, cost for costs)

Prefixes:

Use the following prefixes:

“q_” to designate equations,
“v_” to designate variables,
“s_” to designate scalars,
“f_” to designate file parameters (parameters that contain unaltered data read in from input files),
“o_” to designate output parameters (parameters that do not affect the optimization, but are affected by it),
“p_” to designate other parameters (parameters that were derived from “f_” parameters or defined in code),
“c_” to designate config switches (parameters that enable different configuration choices),
“s_FIRSTUNIT_2_SECONDUNIT” to designate a scalar used to convert from the FIRSTUNIT to the SECONDUNIT through multiplication, e.g. s_GWh_2_EJ.

These prefixes are extended in some cases by a second letter:

“?m_” to designate objects used in the core and in at least one module.
“?00_” to designate objects used in a single module, exclusively, with the 2-digit number corresponding to the module number.

Sets are treated differently: instead of a prefix, sets exclusively used within a module get that module’s number added as a suffix. If the set is used in more than one module no suffix is given.

The units (e.g., TWa, EJ, GtC, GtCO2, …) of variables and parameters are documented in the declaration files.

For the labels of parameters, scalars and set, use double quotes only.

Commenting:

Comment all parts of the code generously
For all equations, it should become clear from the comments what part of the equation is supposed to do what
Variables and parameters should be declared along with a descriptive text (use " " for descriptive text to avoid compilation errors)
Use three asterisks *** for comments or *' if the comment should show up in the documentation of REMIND
Never use 4 asterisks (reserved for GAMS error messages)
Don’t use the string infes in comments
Don’t use $+number combinations, e.g., $20 (this interferes with GAMS error codes).
Indicate the end of a file by inserting *** EOF filename.inc ***

Sets

Don’t use set element names with three capital letters (like ETS or ESR), otherwise the maglcass R library might interpret this as a region name when reading in GDX data

Equations:

The general idea is not to write code and equations as short as possible, but to write them in a way they can be read and understood as fast as possible. To that end:

Write the mathematical operator (*, /, +, -) at the beginning of a line, not the end of the last line
Leave a space before and after + and - operators and equation signs (=g=, =l=, =e=)
Leave a space behind the comma of a sum (not behind the commas in set element calling)
Use indentations to make the structure more readable
Use full quotes ("feel") instead of single quotes ('feel') when specifying individual elements of a set (this makes automatic replacement via sed easier)
Put the equation sign (=g=, =l=, =e=) in a single line without anything else

Other general rules:

Decompose large model equations into several small equations to enhance readability and model diagnostics
Don’t use hard-coded numbers in the equations part of the model
Parameters should not be overwritten in the initialization part of the models. Use if-statements instead. Notable exceptions include parameters that are part a loop iteration, e.g. Negishi weights.
Have your work double-checked! To avoid bugs and problems: If you make major changes to your code, ask an experienced colleague to review the changes before they are pushed to the git main repository.
Use sets and subsets to avoid redundant formulation of code (e.g., for technology groups)
If big data tables are read in exclude them from the .lst-file (by using $offlisting and $onlisting), nevertheless display the parameter afterwards for an easier debugging later
When declaring a parameter/variable/equation always add the sets it is declared for, e.g. parameter test(x,y); instead of parameter test;
do not set variables for all set entries to zero (if not necessary), as this will blow up memory requirements.

Configuration - Settings for Scenarios:

$setGlobal c_expname  default
$setGlobal c_description  REMIND run with default settings

MODULES

——————— 01_macro —————————————–

(singleSectorGr) neo-classical, single sector growth model

$setGlobal macro  singleSectorGr  !! def = singleSectorGr

——————— 02_welfare —————————————

(utilitarian) utilitarian aka. Benthamite social welfare function
(ineqLognormal) welfare function with subregional income distribution effects implemented with a lognormal approach

$setGlobal welfare  utilitarian  !! def = utilitarian

——————— 04_PE_FE_parameters ——————————

(iea2014): new PE-FE parameters based on IEA 2014

$setGlobal PE_FE_parameters  iea2014  !! def = iea2014

——————— 05_initialCap ————————————

(on): load existing CES parameters matching model configuration

$setGlobal initialCap  on             !! def = on

——————— 11_aerosols ————————————–

(exoGAINS):

$setGlobal aerosols  exoGAINS         !! def = exoGAINS

——————— 15_climate —————————————

(off): no climate coupling
(magicc): MAGICC - iterative coupling of MAGICC climate model.
(box): Petschel-Held

$setGlobal climate  off               !! def = off

——————— 16_downscaleTemperature ————————–

(off)
(CMIP5): downscale GMT to regional temperature based on CMIP5 data (between iterations, no runtime impact). Requires climate= ‘off’ and cm_rcp_scen=none”iterative_target_adj” = 9] curved convergence of CO2 prices between regions until cm_CO2priceRegConvEndYr; developed countries have linear path from 0 in 2010 through cm_co2_tax_2020 in 2020;

$setGlobal downscaleTemperature  off  !! def = off

——————— 20_growth ——————————————

(exogenous): exogenous growth
(endogenous): endogenous growth !!Warning: still experimental stuff!!
(spillover): endogenous growth with spillover externality !!Warning: not yet calibrated!!

$setglobal growth  exogenous                !! def = exogenous

——————— 21_tax ——————————————

(on): tax mechanism active
(off): no tax mechanism

$setglobal tax  on           !! def = on

——————— 22_subsidizeLearning —————————–

(globallyOptimal): Only works with Nash, gives cooperative solution w.r.t. the learning spillover - this should then be equivalent to the Negishi solution.
(off): do not subsidize learning. Default setting for Negishi. With Nash, this gives the non-cooperative solution w.r.t. the learning spillover.

$setglobal subsidizeLearning  off           !! def = off

———————- 23_capitalMarket ——————————-

(imperfect): Imperfect capital market: brings initial consumption shares closer to empirical data
(perfect): Perfect capital market (results in large short-term capital flows from North to South)
(debt_limit): Weak imperfection of capital market by debt and surplus growth limits

$setglobal capitalMarket  debt_limit           !! def = debt_limit

———————- 24_trade —————————————

(standard): macro-economic commodities and primary energy commodities trading
(se_trade): macro-economic commodities, primary energy commodities and secondary energy hydrogen and electricitiy trading
(capacity): capacity-based trade implementation

$setglobal trade  standard           !! def = standard

———————- 26_agCosts —————————————-

(off): agricultural costs zero, no trade taken into account
(costs): includes total landuse costs
(costs_trade): includes agricultural production costs and the MAgPIE trade balance

$setglobal agCosts  costs       !! def = costs

——————— 29_CES_parameters —————————-

(load): load existing CES parameters matching model configuration
(calibrate): calculate new CES parameters based on v_cesIO trajectories – under development!

$setglobal CES_parameters  load   !! def = load

——————— 30_biomass —————————————-

(magpie_40): using supplycurved derived from MAgpIE 4.0

$setglobal biomass  magpie_40     !! def = magpie_hightccost

——————— 31_fossil —————————————-

(timeDepGrades): time-dependent grade stucture of fossil resources (oil & gas only)
(grades2poly) : simplified version of the time-dependent grade realization (using polynomial functions)
(exogenous) : exogenous fossil extraction and costs

$setglobal fossil  grades2poly        !! def = grades2poly

——————— 32_power —————————————-

(IntC) : Power sector formulation with Integration Cost (IntC) markups and curtailment for VRE integration - linearly increasing with VRE share -, and fixed capacity factors for dispatchable power plants
(RLDC) : Power sector formulation with Residual Load Duration Curve (RLDC) formulation for VRE power integration, and flexible capacity factors for dispatchable power plants
(DTcoup) : Power sector formulation with iterative coupling to hourly power-sector model DIETER: REMIND gives DIETER costs of technologies, power demand, CO2 price and capacity bounds; DIETER gives REMIND markups of generation, capacity factors, peak hourly residual demand

$setglobal power  IntC        !! def = IntC

——————— 33_CDR —————————————-

(off) : no carbon dioxide removal technologies except BECCS
(weathering) : includes enhanced weathering
(DAC) : includes direct air capture
(all) : includes all CDR technologies

$setglobal CDR  DAC        !! def = DAC

——————— 35_transport —————————————-

(complex): transport realization with aggregated transport demand (LDV, HDV, electric trains) via CES function with constrained choice on vehicle technologies
(edge_esm): transport realization with iterative coupling to logit-based transport model EDGE-Transport with detailed representation of transport modes and technologies

$setglobal transport  edge_esm           !! def = edge_esm

——————— 36_buildings ———————————

(simple): representation of final energy demand via a CES function calibrated to EDGE-Buildings’ demand trajectories
(services_with_capital): representation of the demand by energy service with capital
(services_putty): representation of the demand by energy service with capital and with putty-clay for buildings insulation

$setglobal buildings  simple      !! def = simple

——————— 37_industry ———————————-

(fixed_shares): fixed shares of industry sub-sectors (cement, chemicals, steel, other) in industry FE use
(subsectors): models industry subsectors explicitly with individual CES nests for cement, chemicals, steel, and otherInd production.

$setglobal industry  subsectors   !! def = subsectors

——————— 39_CCU ———————————

(on): representation of technologies for producing synthetic liquids and synthetic gases based on hydrogen and captured carbon
(off): no representation of carbon caputre and utilization technologies.

$setglobal CCU  on      !! def = on

——————— 40_techpol —————————————-

(none): no technology policies
(lowCarbonPush): [works only with Negishi] global low-carbon push until 2030: PV, CSP, Wind, Gas-CCS, Bio-CCS and Electromobility
(coalPhaseout): [works only with Negishi] global phase-out of new freely-emitting coal conversion, caps all coal routes with the exception of coaltr: coal solids can still expand
(coalPhaseoutRegional): [works only with Negishi] global phase-out of new freely-emitting coal conversion, caps all coal routes with the exception of coaltr: coal solids can still expand
(CombLowCandCoalPO): [works only with Negishi] combination of lowCarbonPush and coalPhaseout
(NDC): Technology targets for 2030 for spv,wind,tnrs.
(NPi): Reference technology targets, mostly already enacted (N)ational (P]ol(i)cies, mostly for 2020
(EVmandates): mandate for electric vehicles - used for UBA project

$setglobal techpol  none           !! def = none

——————— 41_emicapregi —————————————-

(none): no regional emission caps
(CandC): contraction and convergence allocation (under construction)
(GDPint): GDP intensity allocation (under construction)
(POPint): sovereignity (per cap.) allocation (under construction)
(exog): exogenous emission cap path (generic) (under construction)
(PerCapitaConvergence): based on CandC: convergence, to be run with emiscen = 4
(AbilityToPay): mitigation requirement shared based on per-capita GDP, to be run with emiscen = 4

$setglobal emicapregi  none           !! def = none

——————— 42_banking —————————————-

(off): no banking and borrowing of emission permits, no when-flexibility
(banking): only banking allowed, no borrowing at all

$setglobal banking  off          !! def = off

——————— 45_carbonprice —————————————-

This module defines the carbon price pm_taxCO2eq, with behaviour across regions governed by similar principles (e.g. global targets, or all following NDC or NPi policies).

(none): no tax policy (combined with all emiscens except emiscen eq 9)
(exponential): 5% exponential increase over time of the tax level in 2020 set via cm_co2_tax_2020 (combined with emiscen eq 9 and cm_co2_tax_2020>0)
(expoLinear): 5% exponential increase until c_expoLinear_yearStart, linear increase thereafter
(exogenous): carbon price is specified using an external input file or using the switch cm_regiExoPrice
(linear): linear increase over time of the tax level in 2020 set via cm_co2_tax_2020 (combined with emiscen eq 9 and cm_co2_tax_2020>0)
(diffPriceSameCost) ! experimental ! adjusts regional carbon prices until regional mitigation costs (in NPV GDP) are equal across regions. Use with iterative_adjust=2, emiscen=9. Experimental feature, you are responsible to check for convergence yourself (check that p45_mitiCostRel is about constant over iterations)
(temperatureNotToExceed): [test and verify before using it!] Find the optimal carbon carbon tax (set cm_emiscen=1”iterative_target_adj” = 9] curved convergence of CO2 prices between regions until cm_CO2priceRegConvEndYr; developed countries have linear path from 0 in 2010 through cm_co2_tax_2020 in 2020;
(NDC2constant): linearly phase in global constant price from NDC prices (default 2020-2040 phase-in)
(diffCurvPhaseIn2Lin): [REMIND 2.1 default for validation peakBudget runs, in combination with “iterative_target_adj” = 9] curved convergence of CO2 prices between regions until cm_CO2priceRegConvEndYr; developed countries have linear path from 0 in 2010 through cm_co2_tax_2020 in 2020;
(diffPhaseIn2Constant): !experimental! linearly phase in global constant price, with starting values differentiated by GDP/cap
(NDC): implements a carbon price trajectory consistent with the NDC targets (up to 2030) and a trajectory of comparable ambition post 2030 (1.25%/yr price increase and regional convergence of carbon price). Choose version using cm_NDC_version “2023_cond”, “2023_uncond”, or replace 2023 by 2022, 2021 or 2018 to get all NDC published until end of these years.

$setglobal carbonprice  none           !! def = none

——————— 46_carbonpriceRegi ———————————

This module applies a markup pm_taxCO2eqRegi on top of pm_taxCO2eq to achieve additional intermediate targets.

(none): no regional carbonprice policies
(NDC): implements a carbon price markup trajectory consistent with the NDC targets between 2030 and 2070
(netZero): implements a carbon price markup trajectory consistent with the net zero targets, the region settings can be adjusted with cm_netZeroScen

$setglobal carbonpriceRegi  none      !! def = none

——————— 47_regipol —————————————–

The regiCarbonPrice realisation defines more detailed region or emissions market specific targets, overwriting the behaviour of pm_taxCO2eq and pm_taxCO2eqRegi for these regions.

(none): no regional policies
(regiCarbonPrice): region-specific policies and refinements (regional emissions targets, co2 prices, phase-out policies etc.)

$setglobal regipol  none              !! def = none

——————— 50_damages —————————————

(off): no damages on GDP
(DiceLike): DICE-like damages (linear-quadratic damages on GDP). Choose specification via cm_damage_DiceLike_specification
(BurkeLike): Burke-like damages (growth rate damages on GDP). Choose specification via cm_damage_BurkeLike_specification and cm_damage_BurkeLike_persistenceTime
(KWLike): Damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020)
(KW_SE): Damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020), but for the upper bound of the damages based on their standard error calculation
(KWTCint): Combines aggregate damages from Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020) and tropical cyclone damages from Krichene et al. (2022)
(Labor): Labor supply damages from Dasgupta et al. (2021)
(TC): tropical cyclone damages from Krichene et al. (2022)

$setGlobal damages  off               !! def = off

——————— 51_internalizeDamages —————————-

(off):
(DiceLikeItr): Internalize DICE-like damages (calculate the SCC) adjust cm_damages_SccHorizon. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(BurkeLikeItr): Internalize Burke-like damages (calculate the SCC) adjust cm_damages_SccHorizo. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(KWlikeItr): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020). Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(KWlikeItrCPnash): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020), but with Nash SCC, i.e. each region only internalizes its own damages. Requires cm_emiscen set to9 for now.
(KWlikeItrCPreg): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020), but with regional SCC instead of a global uniform price. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(KW_SEitr): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020) for upper limit based on standard error. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(KWTCintItr): Internalize combined damages from Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020) and from tropical cyclones. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(LabItr): Internalize labor supply damages based on Dasgupta et al. (2021). Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
(TCitr): Internalize tropical cyclone damage function based on Krichene et al. (2022). Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.

$setGlobal internalizeDamages  off               !! def = off

——————— 70_water ——————————————-

(off): no water demand taken into account
(exogenous): exogenous water demand is calculated based on data on water demand coefficients and cooling shares
(heat): as exogenous only that vintage structure in combination with time dependent cooling shares as vintages and efficiency factors are also considered and demand is a function of excess heat as opposed to electricity output

$setglobal water  off                 !! def = off

——————— 80_optimization ———————————-

(nash): Nash solution. Adjust cm_nash_autoconverge to needs.
(negishi): calculates a Negishi solution (social planner)
(testOneRegi): solves the problem for one region for given prices (taken from gdx). ! Warning: For development purposes only !

$setGlobal optimization  nash         !! def = nash

——————— 81_codePerformance ——————————-

(off): nothing happens
(on): test code performance: noumerous (30) succesive runs performed in a triangle, tax0, tax30, tax150, all growing exponentially, therefore use carbonprice|exponential, c_emiscen|9, and cm_co2_tax_2020|0.

$setGlobal codePerformance  off       !! def = off

SWITCHES

parameter
  cm_iteration_max          "number of iterations, if optimization is set to negishi or testOneRegi; used in nash mode only with cm_nash_autoconverge = 0"
;
  cm_iteration_max       = 1;     !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_abortOnConsecFail      "number of iterations of consecutive failures of one region after which to abort"
;
  cm_abortOnConsecFail   = 5;     !! def = 5

parameter
  cm_solver_try_max          "maximum number of inner iterations within one Negishi iteration (<10)"
;
  cm_solver_try_max       = 2;     !! def = 2

set to at least five by testOneRegi

parameter
  c_keep_iteration_gdxes    "save intermediate iteration gdxes"
;
  c_keep_iteration_gdxes = 0;     !! def = 0

in default we do not save gdx files from each iteration but this might be helpful for debugging

1. gdx files from each iteration are NOT saved
1. gdx files from each iteration are saved

parameter
  cm_keep_presolve_gdxes    "save gdxes for all regions/solver tries/nash iterations for debugging"
;
  cm_keep_presolve_gdxes  = 0;     !! def = 0

parameter
  cm_nash_autoconverge      "choice of nash convergence mode"
;
  cm_nash_autoconverge   = 1;     !! def = 1

(0): manually set number of iterations by adjusting cm_iteration_max
(1): run until solution is sufficiently converged - coarse tolerances, quick solution. ! do not use in production runs !
(2): run until solution is sufficiently converged - fine tolerances, for production runs.
(3): run until solution is sufficiently converged using very relaxed targets - very coarse tolerances, two times higher than option 1. ! do not use in production runs !

parameter
  cm_emiscen                "policy scenario choice"
;
  cm_emiscen        = 1;               !! def = 1

(0): no global budget. Policy may still be prescribed by 41_emicaprei module.
(1): BAU
(4): emission time path
(6): budget
(9): tax scenario (requires running module 21_tax “on”), tax level controlled by module 45_carbonprice and cm_co2_tax_2020, other ghg etc. controlled by cm_rcp_scen JeS WARNING: data for cm_emiscen 4 only exists for multigas_scen 2 bau scenarios and for multigas_scen 1

parameter
  cm_co2_tax_2020           "level of co2 tax in year 2020 in $ per t CO2eq, makes sense only for emiscen eq 9 and 45_carbonprice exponential"
;
  cm_co2_tax_2020   = -1;              !! def = -1

(-1): default setting equivalent to no carbon tax
(any number >= 0): tax level in 2020, with 5% exponential increase over time

parameter
  cm_co2_tax_growth         "growth rate of carbon tax"
;
  cm_co2_tax_growth = 1.05;            !! def = 1.05

(any number >= 0): rate of exponential increase over time

parameter
  c_macscen                 "use of mac"
;
  c_macscen         = 1;               !! def = 1

(1): on
(2): off

parameter
  cm_nucscen                "nuclear option choice"
;
  cm_nucscen       = 2;        !! def = 2

(2): no fnrs, tnrs with restricted new builds until 2030 (based on current data on plants under construction, planned or proposed)
(5): no new nuclear investments after 2020
(6): +33% investment costs (tnrs) & uranium resources increased by a factor of 10

parameter
  cm_ccapturescen       "carbon capture option choice, no carbon capture only if CCS and CCU are switched off!"
;
  cm_ccapturescen  = 1;        !! def = 1

(1): yes
(2): no carbon capture (only if CCS and CCU are switched off!)
(3): no bio carbon capture
(4): no carbon capture in the electricity sector

parameter
  c_bioliqscen              "2nd generation bioenergy liquids technology choice"
;
  c_bioliqscen     = 1;        !! def = 1

(0): no technologies
(1): all technologies

parameter
  c_bioh2scen               "bioenergy hydrogen technology choice"
;
  c_bioh2scen      = 1;        !! def = 1

(0): no technologies
(1): all technologies

parameter
  c_shGreenH2               "lower bound on share of green hydrogen in all hydrogen from 2030 onwards"
;
  c_shGreenH2      = 0;        !! def = 0

(a number between 0 and 1): share

parameter
  c_shBioTrans              "upper bound on share of bioliquids in transport from 2025 onwards"
;
  c_shBioTrans     = 1;        !! def = 1

(a number between 0 and 1): share

parameter
  cm_shSynLiq               "lower bound on share of synfuels in SE liquids by 2045, gradual scale-up before"
;
  cm_shSynLiq    = 0;        !! def = 0

(a number between 0 and 1): share

parameter
  cm_shSynGas               "lower bound on share of synthetic gas in SE gases by 2045, gradual scale-up before"
;
  cm_shSynGas      = 0;        !! def = 0

parameter
  cm_IndCCSscen             "CCS for Industry"
;
  cm_IndCCSscen          = 1;        !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_optimisticMAC          "assume optimistic Industry MAC from AR5 Ch. 10?"
;
  cm_optimisticMAC       = 0;        !! def = 0

parameter
  cm_CCS_cement             "CCS for cement sub-sector"
;
  cm_CCS_cement          = 1;        !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_CCS_chemicals          "CCS for chemicals sub-sector"
;
  cm_CCS_chemicals       = 1;        !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_CCS_steel              "CCS for steel sub-sector"
;
  cm_CCS_steel           = 1;        !! def = 1

parameter
  c_solscen                 "solar option choice"
;
  c_solscen        = 1;        !! def = 1

(1): yes
(2): no solar
(3): fix at bau level

parameter
  cm_bioenergy_SustTax      "level of the bioenergy sustainability tax in fraction of bioenergy price"
;
  cm_bioenergy_SustTax   = 1.5;      !! def = 1.5

Only effective if 21_tax is on. The tax is only applied to purpose grown 2nd generation (lignocellulosic) biomass and the level increases linearly with bioenergy demand. A value of 1 refers to a tax level of 100% at a production of 200 EJ per yr globally (implies 50% at 100 EJ per yr or 150% at 300 EJ per yr, for example).

(0): setting equivalent to no tax
(1.5): (default), implying a tax level of 150% at a demand of 200 EJ per yr (or 75% at 100 EJ per yr)
(any number ge 0): defines tax level at 200 EJ per yr

parameter
  cm_bioenergy_EF_for_tax   "bioenergy emission factor that is used to derive a bioenergy tax [kgCO2 per GJ]"
;
  cm_bioenergy_EF_for_tax  = 0;        !! def = 0

Only effective if 21_tax is on, applied to all regions specified by cm_regi_bioenergy_EFTax. Please note that the tax, which is derived from this emission factor, is not the same as the sustainabilty tax described above. Please also note that the emission factor is only used to inform the tax level, i.e. associated emissions do not enter the emissions balance equations.

1. off
1. Sets the emission factor to 20 kgCO2 per GJ, which for example results in a tax of 2 $ per GJ (primary energy) at a carbon price of 100 $ per tCO2: 20 kgCO2 per GJ * 100 $ per tCO2 eq 0.02 tCO2 per GJ * 100 $ per tCO2 eq 2 $ per GJ

parameter
  cm_tradecostBio           "choose financial tradecosts multiplier for biomass (purpose grown pebiolc)"
;
  cm_tradecostBio     = 1;         !! def = 1

parameter
  cm_1stgen_phaseout        "choose if 1st generation biofuels should phase out after 2030 (vm_deltaCap equals 0)"
;
  cm_1stgen_phaseout  = 0;         !! def = 0

(0): 1st generation biofuels after 2020 are fixed at upper limit of resource potential (maxprod)
(1): no new capacities for 1st generation biofuel technologies may be built after 2030 -> phaseout until ~2060

parameter
  cm_phaseoutBiolc          "Switch that allows for a full phaseout of all bioenergy technologies globally"
;
  cm_phaseoutBiolc    = 0;         !! def = 0

parameter
  cm_startyear              "first optimized modelling time step [year]"
;
  cm_startyear        = 2005;      !! def = 2005 for a baseline

(2005): standard for basline to check if model is well calibrated
(2015): standard for all policy runs (eq. to fix2010), NDC, NPi and production baselines, especially if various baselines with varying parameters are explored
(….): later start for delay policy runs, eg. 2025 for what used to be delay2020

parameter
  c_start_budget            "start of GHG budget limit"
;
  c_start_budget      = 2100;      !! def = 2100

parameter
  cm_prtpScen               "pure rate of time preference standard values"
;
  cm_prtpScen         = 3;         !! def = 3

(1): 1 %
(3): 3 %

parameter
  cm_fetaxscen              "choice of final energy tax path, subsidy path and inconvenience cost path, values other than zero enable final energy tax"
;
  cm_fetaxscen        = 3;         !! def = 3

even if set to 0, the PE inconvenience cost per SO2-cost for coal are always on if module 21_tax is on * (0): no tax, sub, inconv * (1): constant t,s,i (used in SSP 5 and ADVANCE WP3.1 HighOilSub) * (2): converging tax, phased out sub (-2030), no inconvenience cost so far (used in SSP 1) * (3): constant tax, phased out sub (-2050), no inconvenience cost so far (used in SSP 2) * (4): constant tax, phased out sub (-2030), no inconvenience cost so far (used in SDP)

parameter
  cm_distrBeta              "elasticity of tax revenue redistribution"
;
  cm_distrBeta        = 1;       !! def = 1

(0): equal per capita redistribution (1): proportional redistribution

parameter
  cm_multigasscen           "scenario on GHG portfolio to be included in permit trading scheme"
;
  cm_multigasscen     = 2;         !! def = 2

(1): CO2 only
(2): all GHG
(3): all GHG excl CO2 emissions from LULUCF

parameter
  cm_permittradescen        "scenario on permit trade"
;
  cm_permittradescen  = 1;         !! def = 1

(1): full permit trade (no restrictions)
(2): no permit trade (only domestic mitigation)
(3): limited trade (certain percentage of GDP)

parameter
  cm_rentdiscoil            "[grades2poly] discount factor for the oil rent"
;
  cm_rentdiscoil      = 0.2;       !! def 0.2

parameter
  cm_rentdiscoil2           "[grades2poly] discount factor for the oil rent achieved in 2100"
;
  cm_rentdiscoil2     = 0.9;       !! def 0.9

parameter
  cm_rentconvoil            "[grades2poly] number of years required to converge to the 2100 oil rent"
;
  cm_rentconvoil      = 50;        !! def 50

parameter
  cm_rentdiscgas            "[grades2poly] discount factor for the gas rent"
;
  cm_rentdiscgas      = 0.6;       !! def 0.6

parameter
  cm_rentdiscgas2           "[grades2poly] discount factor for the gas rent achieved in 2100"
;
  cm_rentdiscgas2     = 0.8;       !! def 0.8

parameter
  cm_rentconvgas            "[grades2poly] number of years required to converge to the 2100 gas rent"
;
  cm_rentconvgas      = 50;        !! def 50

parameter
  cm_rentdisccoal           "[grades2poly] discount factor for the coal rent"
;
  cm_rentdisccoal     = 0.4;       !! def 0.4

parameter
  cm_rentdisccoal2          "[grades2poly] discount factor for the coal rent achieved in 2100"
;
  cm_rentdisccoal2    = 0.6;       !! def 0.6

parameter
  cm_rentconvcoal           "[grades2poly] number of years required to converge to the 2100 coal rent"
;
  cm_rentconvcoal     = 50;        !! def 50

parameter
  c_cint_scen               "additional GHG emissions from mining fossil fuels"
;
  c_cint_scen           = 1;         !! def = 1

(0): switch is off (emissions are not accounted)
(1): switch is on (emissions are accounted)

parameter
  cm_so2tax_scen            "level of SO2 tax"
;
  cm_so2tax_scen        = 1;         !! def =

(0): so2 tax is set to zero
(1): so2 tax is low
(2): so2 tax is standard
(3): so2 tax is high
(4): so2 tax intermediary between 1 and 2, multiplying (1) tax by the ratio (3) and (2)

parameter
  cm_solwindenergyscen      "scenario for fluctuating renewables, 1 is reference, 2 is pessimistic with limits to fluctuating SE el share"
;
  cm_solwindenergyscen  = 1;         !! def = 1

1. advanced - cheap investment costs, higher learning rates for pv, csp and wind
1. reference - normal investment costs & learning rates for pv, csp and wind EMF27-3nd round Adv scenario
1. pessimistic EMF27 and AWP 2 - share of PV, wind&CSP limited to 20%. Learning rates reduced by 20%, floor costs increased by 40%. EMF27-3nd round Cons scenario
1. frozen - no learning after 2010, share of PV, wind&CSP limited to 20%. EMF27-3rd round Frozen scenario
1. pessimistic SSP: pessimistic techno-economic assumptions

parameter
  c_techAssumptScen         "scenario for assumptions of energy technologies based on SSP scenarios, 1: SSP2 (default), 2: SSP1, 3: SSP5"
;
  c_techAssumptScen     = 1;         !! def = 1

This flag defines an energy technology scenario * (1) SSP2: reference scenario - default investment costs & learning rates for pv, csp and wind * (2) SSP1: advanced renewable energy techno., pessimistic for nuclear and CCS * (3) SSP5: pessimistic techno-economic assumptions

parameter
  c_ccsinjecratescen        "CCS injection rate factor, 0.5% by default yielding a 60 Mt per year IR"
;
  c_ccsinjecratescen    = 1;         !! def = 1

This flag determines the upper bound of the CCS injection rate CCS refers to carbon sequestration, carbon capture is modelled separately * (0) no “CCS” as in no carbon sequestration at all * (1) reference case: 0.005 * (2) lower estimate: 0.0025 * (3) upper estimate: 0.0075 * (4) unconstrained: 1 * (5) sustainability case: 0.001

parameter
  c_ccscapratescen          "CCS capture rate"
;
  c_ccscapratescen      = 1;         !! def = 1

This flag determines the CO2 capture rate of CCS technologies * (1) reference * (2) increased capture rate

parameter
  c_export_tax_scen         "choose which oil export tax is used in the model. 0 = none, 1 = fix"
;
  c_export_tax_scen     = 0;         !! def = 0

parameter
  cm_iterative_target_adj   "whether or not a tax or a budget target should be iteratively adjusted depending on actual emission or forcing level"
;
  cm_iterative_target_adj  = 0;      !! def = 0

(0): no iterative adjustment
(2): iterative adjustment II based on magicc calculated forcing (for both budget and tax runs), see modules/ 0 /magicc/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms of adjustment
(3): [requires 45_carbonprice = “NDC” and emiscen = 9] iterative adjustment III for tax based on 2025 or 2030 regionally differentiated emissions, see module/45_carbonprice//postsolve.gms for algorithm of adjustment
(4): iterative adjustment IV for both budget and tax runs based on CO2 FF&I emissions 2020-2100, see core/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms of adjustment
(5): iterative adjustment V for both budget and tax runs based on CO2 emissions 2020-2100, see core/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms of adjustment
(6): iterative adjustment VI for both budget and tax runs based on peak CO2 emissions budget, without changing temporal profile (i.e. with overshoot), see core/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms of adjustment
(7): iterative adjustment VII for tax runs based on peak CO2 emissions, with change of temporal tax profile after time of peak budget, aiming for net-zero thereafter, see core/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms of adjustment
(9): [REMIND 2.1 default for validation peakBudget runs, in combination with carbonprice = none; after the peaking year annual increase by cm_taxCO2inc_after_peakBudgYr. Automatically shifts cm_peakBudgYr to find the correct peaking year for a given .

parameter
  cm_NDC_divergentScenario  "choose scenario about convergence of CO2eq prices in NDC realization of module 45_carbonprice"
;
  cm_NDC_divergentScenario = 0;           !! def = 0

1. 70 years after 2030
1. 120 years after 2030
1. until year 3000 (“never”)

parameter
  cm_gdximport_target       "whether or not the starting value for iteratively adjusted budgets, tax scenarios, or forcing targets (emiscen 5,6,8,9) should be read in from the input.gdx"
;
  cm_gdximport_target      = 0;      !! def = 0

(0): no import, the default starting value as specified in modules/ 0 /on/input/tax_CO2.inc, core/input/data_emibudget.inc, modules/15_climate/box/datainput.gms is used
(1): the values from the gdx are read in (works only if the gdx has a parameter value) ATTENTION: make sure that the values from the gdx have the right structure (e.g. regionally differentiated or not)

parameter
  cm_gs_ew                  "grain size (for enhanced weathering, CDR module) [micrometre]"
;
  cm_gs_ew                 = 20;     !! def = 20

parameter
  cm_LimRock                "limit amount of rock spread each year [Gt]"
;
  cm_LimRock               = 1000;   !! def = 1000

parameter
  cm_expoLinear_yearStart   "time at which carbon price increases lineraly instead of exponentially"
;
  cm_expoLinear_yearStart  = 2050;   !! def = 2050

parameter
  c_budgetCO2from2020FFI "carbon budget for CO2 emissions starting from 2020 from FFI (in GtCO2)"
;
  c_budgetCO2from2020FFI   = 700;    !! def = 700

parameter
  c_budgetCO2from2020   "carbon budget for all CO2 emissions starting from 2020 (in GtCO2)"
;
  c_budgetCO2from2020      = 1150;   !! def = 1150

budgets from AR6 for 2020-2100 (including 2020), for 1.5 C: 500 Gt CO2 peak budget (400 Gt CO2 end of century), for 2 C: 1150 Gt CO2

parameter
  cm_postTargetIncrease     "carbon price increase per year after regipol emission target is reached (euro per tCO2)"
;
  cm_postTargetIncrease    = 0;      !! def = 0

parameter
  cm_emiMktTargetDelay  "number of years for delayed price change in the emission tax convergence algorithm. Not applied to first target set."
;
  cm_emiMktTargetDelay    = 0;       !! def = 0

parameter
  cm_distrAlphaDam    "income elasticity of damages for inequality"
;
  cm_distrAlphaDam     = 1;    !! def = 1

1 means damage is distributed proportional to income, i.e. distributionally neutral, 0 means equal per capita distribution of damage

parameter
  cm_damages_BurkeLike_specification      "empirical specification for Burke-like damage functions"
;
  cm_damages_BurkeLike_specification    = 0;     !! def = 0

{0,5} Selects the main Burke specification “pooled, short-run” (0) or an alternative one “pooled, long-run”(5)

parameter
  cm_damages_BurkeLike_persistenceTime    "persistence time in years for Burke-like damage functions"
;
  cm_damages_BurkeLike_persistenceTime  = 30;    !! def = 30

Persistence time (half-time) in years. Highly uncertain, but may be in between 5 and 55 years.

parameter
  cm_damages_SccHorizon                   "Horizon for SCC calculation. Damages cm_damagesSccHorizon years into the future are internalized."
;
  cm_damages_SccHorizon                 = 100;   !! def = 100

Horizon for SCC calculation. Damages cm_damagesSccHorizon years into the future are internalized.

parameter
  cm_damage_KWSE                          "standard error for Kalkuhl & Wenz damages"
;
  cm_damage_KWSE                        = 0;     !! def = 0

{1.645 for 90% CI, 1.96 for 95% CI, no correction when 0}

parameter
  cm_carbonprice_temperatureLimit "not-to-exceed temperature target in degree above pre-industrial"
;
  cm_carbonprice_temperatureLimit       = 1.8;   !! def = 1.8

parameter
  cm_frac_CCS          "tax on CCS to reflect risk of leakage, formulated as fraction of ccs O&M costs"
;
  cm_frac_CCS          = 10;   !! def = 10

parameter
  cm_frac_NetNegEmi    "tax on CDR to reflect risk of overshooting, formulated as fraction of carbon price"
;
  cm_frac_NetNegEmi    = 0.5;  !! def = 0.5

parameter
  cm_DiscRateScen          "Scenario for the implicit discount rate applied to the energy efficiency capital"
;
  cm_DiscRateScen        = 0;!! def = 0

1. Baseline without higher discount rate: No additional discount rate
1. Baseline with higher discount rate: Increase the discount rate by 10%pts from 2005 until the end
1. Energy Efficiency policy: 10%pts higher discount rate until cm_start_year and 0 afterwards.
1. Energy Efficiency policy: higher discount rate until cm_start_year and 25% of the initial value afterwards.
1. Energy Efficiency policy: higher discount rate until cm_start_year, decreasing to 25% value linearly until 2030.

parameter
  cm_noReboundEffect      "Switch for allowing a rebound effect when closing the efficiency gap (cm_DiscRateScen)"
;
  cm_noReboundEffect     = 0;

price sensitivity of logit function for heating and cooking technological choice

parameter
  cm_priceSensiBuild    "Price sensitivity of energy carrier choice in buildings"
;
  cm_priceSensiBuild     = -3;

price sensitivity of logit function for heating and cooking technological choice

parameter
  cm_peakBudgYr       "date of net-zero CO2 emissions for peak budget runs without overshoot"
;
  cm_peakBudgYr            = 2050;   !! def = 2050

time of net-zero CO2 emissions (peak budget), requires emiscen to 9 and cm_iterative_target_adj to 7, will potentially be adjusted by algorithms

parameter
  cm_taxCO2inc_after_peakBudgYr "annual increase of CO2 price after the Peak Budget Year in $ per tCO2"
;
  cm_taxCO2inc_after_peakBudgYr = 0; !! def = 0 . For weak targets (higher than 1100 Peak Budget), this value might need to increased to prevent continually increasing temperatures

parameter
  cm_CO2priceRegConvEndYr      "Year at which regional CO2 prices converge in module 45 realization diffPhaseIn2LinFlex"
;
  cm_CO2priceRegConvEndYr  = 2050;   !! def = 2050

parameter
  cm_TaxConvCheck             "switch for enabling tax convergence check in nash mode"
;
  cm_TaxConvCheck = 0; !! def 0, which means tax convergence check is off

switches tax convergence check in nash mode on and off (check that tax revenue in all regions, periods be smaller than 0.01% of GDP) * 0 (off) * 1 (on), default

parameter
  cm_maxFadeOutPriceAnticip   "switch to determine maximum allowed fadeout price anticipation to consider that the model converged."
;
  cm_maxFadeOutPriceAnticip = 1e-4; !! def 1e-4, the fadeout price anticipation term needs to be lower than 1e-4 to consider that the model converged.

parameter
  cm_flex_tax                 "switch for enabling flexibility tax"
;
  cm_flex_tax = 1; !! def 1

cm_flex_tax “switch for flexibility tax/subsidy, switching it on activates a tax on a number of technologies with flexible or inflexible electricity input.” technologies with flexible eletricity input get a subsidy corresponding to the lower-than-average electricity prices that they see, while inflexible technologies get a tax corresponding to the higher-than-average electricity prices that they see * (0) flexibility tax off * (1) flexibility tax on

parameter
  cm_H2targets                "switches on capacity targets for electrolysis in NDC techpol following national Hydrogen Strategies"
;
  cm_H2targets = 0; !! def 0

parameter
  cm_PriceDurSlope_elh2       "slope of price duration curve of electrolysis"
;
  cm_PriceDurSlope_elh2 = 15; !! def 15

cm_PriceDurSlope_elh2, slope of price duration curve for electrolysis (increase means more flexibility subsidy for electrolysis H2) This switch only has an effect if the flexibility tax is on by cm_flex_tax set to 1

parameter
  cm_FlexTaxFeedback          "switch deciding whether flexibility tax feedback on buildlings and industry electricity prices is on"
;
  cm_FlexTaxFeedback = 0; !! def 0

cm_FlexTaxFeedback, switches on feedback of flexibility tax on buildings and industry. That is, electricity price decrease for electrolysis has to be matched by electrictiy price increase in buildings and industry. This switch only has an effect if the flexibility tax is on by cm_flex_tax set to 1.

parameter
  cm_VRE_supply_assumptions        "default (0), optimistic (1), sombre (2), or bleak (3) assumptions on VRE supply"
;
  cm_VRE_supply_assumptions = 0; !! 0 - default, 1 - optimistic, 2 - sombre, 3 - bleak

for 1 - optimistic, modify
inco0, incolearn, and learn parameters for spv and storspv
ease capacity constraints on storage
reduce necessary storage for electricity production
for 2 - sombre, modify
incolearn spv to 5010 (150 $ per kW floor cost)
for 3 - bleak, modify
incolearn spv to 4960 (200 $ per kW floor cost)

parameter
  cm_build_H2costAddH2Inv     "additional h2 distribution costs for low diffusion levels (default value: 6.5$/kg = 0.2 $/Kwh)"
;
  cm_build_H2costAddH2Inv = 0.2;  !! def 6.5$/kg = 0.2 $/Kwh

parameter
  cm_build_H2costDecayStart   "simplified logistic function end of full value (ex. 5%  -> between 0 and 5% the function will have the value 1). [%]"
;
  cm_build_H2costDecayStart = 0.05; !! def 5%

parameter
  cm_build_H2costDecayEnd     "simplified logistic function start of null value (ex. 10% -> after 10% the function will have the value 0). [%]"
;
  cm_build_H2costDecayEnd = 0.1;  !! def 10%

parameter
  cm_build_AdjCostActive      "Activate adjustment cost to penalise inter-temporal variation of area-specific weatherisation demand and space cooling efficiency slope (only in putty)"
;
  cm_build_AdjCostActive = 0; !! def 0 = Adjustment cost deactivated (set to 1 to activate)

parameter
  cm_indst_H2costAddH2Inv     "additional h2 distribution costs for low diffusion levels (default value: 3.25$kg = 0.1 $/kWh)"
;
  cm_indst_H2costAddH2Inv = 0.1;  !! def 3.25$/kg = 0.1 $/Kwh

parameter
  cm_indst_costDecayStart     "simplified logistic function end of full value   (ex. 5%  -> between 0 and 5% the simplified logistic function will have the value 1). [%]"
;
  cm_indst_costDecayStart = 0.05; !! def 5%

parameter
  cm_indst_H2costDecayEnd     "simplified logistic function start of null value (ex. 10% -> between 10% and 100% the simplified logistic function will have the value 0). [%]"
;
  cm_indst_H2costDecayEnd = 0.1;  !! def 10%

parameter
  cm_BioSupply_Adjust_EU      "factor for scaling sub-EU bioenergy supply curves"
;
  cm_BioSupply_Adjust_EU = 3; !! def 3, 3*bioenergy supply slope obtained from input data

scales bioenergy supply curves in EU regions (mainly used to match EUR H12/ 3 /GJ from 2030 onward, and 30$/GJ from 2040 onward, and 40$/GJ from 2040 onward. scales slope of bioenergy supply curves in EU subregions (mainly used to match EUR H12/Magpie bioenergy potential) switch can be removed once supply curves for EU subregions are fixed in input data

parameter
  cm_noPeFosCCDeu              "switch to suppress Pe2Se Fossil Carbon Capture in Germany"
;
  cm_noPeFosCCDeu = 0; !! def 0

CCS limitations for Germany def 0, no suppression of Pe2Se Fossil Carbon Capture in Germany, if 1 then no pe2se fossil CO2 capture in Germany fossil CCS limitations in Germany+

1. none
1. no fossil carbon and capture in Germany

parameter
  cm_logitCal_markup_conv_b   "value to which logit calibration markup of standard fe2ue technologies in detailed buildings module converges to"
;
  cm_logitCal_markup_conv_b = 0.8; !! def 0.8

long-term convergence value of detailed buildings fe2ue conventional techs price markup

parameter
  cm_logitCal_markup_newtech_conv_b "value to which logit calibration markup of new fe2ue technologies in detailed buildings module converges to"
;
  cm_logitCal_markup_newtech_conv_b = 0.3; !! def 0.3

long-term convergence value of detailed buildings fe2ue new techs price markup

parameter
  cm_startIter_EDGET          "starting iteration of EDGE-T"
;
  cm_startIter_EDGET = 14; !! def 14, by default EDGE-T is run first in iteration 14

EDGE-T transport starting iteration of coupling def 14, EDGE-T coupling starts at 14, if you want to test whether infeasibilities after EDGE-T -> set it to 1 to check after first iteration

parameter
  cm_deuCDRmax                 "switch to limit maximum annual CDR amount in Germany in MtCO2 per y"
;
  cm_deuCDRmax = -1; !! def = -1

switch to cap annual DEU CDR amount by value assigned to switch, or no cap if -1, in MtCO2

parameter
  cm_EnSecScen_limit        "switch for limiting the gas demand from 2025 onward, currently only applied to Germany"
;
  cm_EnSecScen_limit = 0; !! def = 0

This switch is used to represent a limited gas supply in a energy security scenario. [EJ per yr]

           default, equals "off", no limit imposed

(any other number) limit of gas demand from 2025 on in Germany in EJ/yr

parameter
  c_SlackMultiplier   "Muliplicative factor to up/downscale the slack size for v_changeProdStartyearSlack"
;
  c_SlackMultiplier = 1; !! def 1

parameter
  c_changeProdCost   "Muliplicative factor to up/downscale the costs for vm_changeProdStartyearCost"
;
  c_changeProdCost = 5; !! def 5

FLAGS

cm_MAgPIE_coupling “switch on coupling mode with MAgPIE”

(off): off = REMIND expects to be run standalone (emission factors are used, shiftfactors are set to zero)
(on): on = REMIND expects to be run based on a MAgPIE reporting file (emission factors are set to zero because emissions are retrieved from the MAgPIE reporting, shift factors for supply curves are calculated)

$setglobal cm_MAgPIE_coupling  off     !! def = "off"

cm_rcp_scen “chooses RCP scenario”

(none): no RCP scenario, standard setting
(rcp20): RCP2.0
(rcp26): RCP2.6
(rcp37): RCP3.7
(rcp45): RCP4.5
(rcp60): RCP6.0
(rcp85): RCP8.5

$setglobal cm_rcp_scen  none         !! def = "none"

cm_NDC_version “choose version year of NDC targets as well as conditional vs. unconditional targets” * (2023_cond): all NDCs conditional to international financial support published until February 24, 2023 * (2023_uncond): all NDCs independent of international financial support published until February 24, 2023 * (2022_cond): all NDCs conditional to international financial support published until December 31, 2022 * (2022_uncond): all NDCs independent of international financial support published until December 31, 2022 * (2021_cond): all NDCs conditional to international financial support published until December 31, 2021 * (2021_uncond): all NDCs independent of international financial support published until December 31, 2021 * (2018_cond): all NDCs conditional to international financial support published until December 31, 2018 * (2018_uncond): all NDCs independent of international financial support published until December 31, 2018

$setglobal cm_NDC_version  2023_cond    !! def = "2023_cond", "2023_uncond", "2022_cond", "2022_uncond", "2021_cond", "2021_uncond", "2018_cond", "2018_uncond"
$setglobal cm_netZeroScen  NGFS_v4     !! def = "NGFS_v4"
$setglobal c_regi_earlyreti_rate  GLO 0.09, EUR_regi 0.15      !! def = GLO 0.09, EUR_regi 0.15
$setglobal c_tech_earlyreti_rate  GLO.(biodiesel 0.14, bioeths 0.14), EUR_regi.(biodiesel 0.15, bioeths 0.15), USA_regi.pc 0.13, REF_regi.pc 0.13, CHA_regi.pc 0.13 !! def = GLO.(biodiesel 0.14, bioeths 0.14), EUR_regi.(biodiesel 0.15, bioeths 0.15), USA_regi.pc 0.13, REF_regi.pc 0.13, CHA_regi.pc 0.13
$setglobal cm_LU_emi_scen  SSP2   !! def = SSP2
$setGlobal cm_regi_bioenergy_EFTax  glob  !! def = glob
$setglobal cm_tradbio_phaseout  default  !! def = default
$setglobal cm_maxProdBiolc  off  !! def = off     
$setGLobal cm_bioprod_regi_lim off !! def off
$setglobal cm_POPscen  pop_SSP2EU  !! def = pop_SSP2EU
$setglobal cm_GDPscen  gdp_SSP2EU  !! def = gdp_SSP2EU
$setGlobal cm_oil_scen  medOil         !! def = medOil
$setGlobal cm_gas_scen  medGas         !! def = medGas
$setGlobal cm_coal_scen  medCoal        !! def = medCoal
$setglobal c_ccsinjecrateRegi  off  !! def = "off"
$setglobal c_SSP_forcing_adjust  forcing_SSP2   !! def = forcing_SSP2
$setGlobal cm_regiExoPrice  off    !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_emiMktTarget  off    !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_quantity_regiCO2target  off !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_dispatchSetyDown  off   !! def = off  The amount that te producing any sety can dispatch less (in percent) - so setting "20" in a cm_dispatchSetyDown column in scenario_config will allow the model to reduce the output of this te by 20%
$setGlobal cm_dispatchSeelDown  off   !! def = off  The amount that te producing seel can dispatch less (in percent) (overrides cm_dispatchSetyDown for te producing seel)
$setGlobal cm_NucRegiPol   off   !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_CoalRegiPol   off   !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_proNucRegiPol   off   !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_CCSRegiPol     off   !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_vehiclesSubsidies  off !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_implicitQttyTarget  off !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_loadFromGDX_implicitQttyTargetTax  off !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_implicitPriceTarget  off !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_implicitPePriceTarget  off !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_VREminShare    off !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_CCSmaxBound    off  !! def = off
$setglobal c_CES_calibration_new_structure  0     !!  def  =  0
$setglobal c_CES_calibration_write_prices  0     !!  def  =  0
$setglobal cm_CES_calibration_default_prices  0.01  !!  def  =  0.01
$setglobal cm_calibration_string  off    !!  def  =  off
$setglobal cm_techcosts  REG       !! def = REG
$setglobal cm_regNetNegCO2  on       !! def = on
$setGlobal cm_EDGEtr_scen  Mix1  !! def = Mix1
$setglobal cm_steel_secondary_max_share_scenario  off !! def off , switch on for maximum secondary steel share
$setGlobal cm_import_tax off !! def off
$setGlobal cm_import_EU  off !! def off
$setGlobal cm_import_ariadne  off !! def off
$setGlobal cm_trade_SE_exog off !! def off
$setGlobal cm_EnSecScen  off !! def off
$setGlobal cm_EnSecScen_price  off !! def off
$setGlobal cm_indstExogScen  off !! def off
$setGLobal cm_exogDem_scen off !! def off
$setGlobal cm_Ger_Pol  off !! def off
$setGlobal cm_altFeEmiFac  off        !! def = off
$setglobal cm_calibration_FE  off      !! def = off
$setglobal cm_eni  off  !! def = off
$setglobal cm_enb  off  !! def = off
$setglobal cm_LDV_mkt_share  off !! def = off
$setglobal cm_share_LDV_sales  off !! def = off
$setglobal cm_incolearn  off !! def = off
$setglobal cm_storageFactor  off !! def = off
$setglobal cm_learnRate  off !! def = off
$setglobal cm_adj_seed  off
$setglobal cm_adj_seed_cont  off
$setglobal cm_adj_coeff  off
$setglobal cm_adj_coeff_cont  off
$setglobal cm_adj_seed_multiplier  off
$setglobal cm_adj_coeff_multiplier  off
$setglobal cm_inco0Factor  off !! def = off
$setglobal cm_inco0RegiFactor  off  !! def = off
$setglobal cm_CCS_markup  off  !! def = off
$setglobal cm_Industry_CCS_markup  off !! def = off
$setglobal cm_renewables_floor_cost  off  !! def = off
$setglobal cm_DAC_eff  off  !! def = off
$setglobal cm_sehe_upper  off !! def = off
$setglobal cm_rcp_scen_build  none   !! def = "none"
$setGlobal cm_pushCalib  none  !! def = none
$setGlobal cm_reducCostB  none  !! def = none
$setGlobal cm_effHP  5  !! def = 5
$setGlobal cm_CESMkup_build  standard  !! def = standard
$setGlobal cm_CESMkup_ind  standard  !! def = standard
$setglobal cm_feShareLimits  off  !! def = off
$setGlobal c_VREPot_Factor  off  !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_FEtax_trajectory_abs  off !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_FEtax_trajectory_rel  off !! def = off
$setGLobal c_agricult_base_shift off !! def off
$setglobal cm_wind_offshore  1      !! def = 1
$setglobal cm_INCONV_PENALTY  on         !! def = on
$setglobal cm_INCONV_PENALTY_FESwitch  on !! def = on
$setGlobal cm_MOFEX  off        !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_Full_Integration  off     !! def = off

MAGICC configuration either uncalibrated or calibrate year 2000 temperature to HADCRUT4 data (which is very close to AR5).

$setGlobal cm_magicc_calibrateTemperature2000  uncalibrated  !! def = uncalibrated

Derive temperature impulse response to CO2 emissions, based on MAGICC. Adds around 10min runtime.

$setGlobal cm_magicc_temperatureImpulseResponse  off           !! def = off

MAGICC configuration roughly comparable to TCRE value, or even more roughly, equivalent climate sensitivity choose from OLDDEFAULT (REMIND1.7 legacy file); or different percentiles of RCP26 or generic TCRE outcomes calibrated to CMIP5 (see Schultes et al. (2018) for details)

$setGlobal cm_magicc_config  OLDDEFAULT    !! def = OLDDEFAULT ; {OLDDEFAULT, RCP26_[5,15,..,95], TCRE_[LOWEST,LOW,MEDIUM,HIGH,HIGHEST] }

climate damages (HowardNonCatastrophic, DICE2013R, DICE2016, HowardNonCatastrophic, HowardInclCatastrophic, KWcross, KWpanelPop}

$setGlobal cm_damage_DiceLike_specification  HowardNonCatastrophic   !! def = HowardNonCatastrophic
$setGlobal cm_damage_Labor_exposure  low    !!def = low
$setGlobal cm_TCssp  SSP2  !! def = SSP2
$setGlobal cm_TCpers  8  !! def = 8
$setGlobal cm_TCspec  mean  !! def = mean
$setglobal cm_transpGDPscale  off  !! def = off
$setGlobal c_skip_output  off        !! def = off
$setglobal cm_CO2TaxSectorMarkup  off   !! def = off
$setGlobal c_regi_nucscen  all  !! def = all
$setGlobal c_regi_capturescen  all  !! def = all
$setglobal cm_process_based_steel   off  !! off
$setglobal c_CO2priceDependent_AdjCosts    on   !! def = on
$setGlobal cm_conoptv  conopt3    !! def = conopt3

c_empty_model “Short-circuit the model, just use the input as solution”

(off): normal model operation, default (on): no model operation, instead input.gdx is copied to fulldata.gdx

$setGlobal c_empty_model   off    !! def = off

mode for solving nash problem

parallel - all regions are run an parallel
debug - all regions are run in a sequence and the lst-file will contain information on infeasiblities

$setGlobal cm_nash_mode  parallel      !! def = parallel
$setglobal cm_secondary_steel_bound  scenario   !! def = scenario
$setglobal c_GDPpcScen  SSP2EU     !! def = gdp_SSP2   (automatically adjusted by start_run() based on GDPscen)
$setglobal cm_demScen  gdp_SSP2EU     !! def = gdp_SSP2EU
$setGlobal c_scaleEmiHistorical  on  !! def = on
$SetGlobal cm_quick_mode  off          !! def = off
$setGLobal cm_debug_preloop  off    !! def = off
$setGlobal cm_APscen  SSP2          !! def = SSP2
$setglobal cm_CES_configuration  indu_subsectors-buil_simple-tran_edge_esm-POP_pop_SSP2EU-GDP_gdp_SSP2EU-En_gdp_SSP2EU-Kap_debt_limit-Reg_62eff8f7   !! this will be changed by start_run()
$setglobal c_CES_calibration_iterations  10     !!  def  =  10
$setglobal c_CES_calibration_industry_FE_target  1
$setglobal c_testOneRegi_region  EUR       !! def = EUR
$setglobal cm_fixCO2price  off !! def = off

Authors

Gunnar Luderer, Nico Bauer, Lavinia Baumstark, Christoph Bertram, Marian Leimbach, Robert Pietzcker, Jessica Strefler, Tino Aboumahboub, Gabriel Abrahão, Cornelia Auer, Falk Benke, Stephen Bi, Jan Dietrich, Alois Dirnaichner, Sophie Fuchs, Pascal Führlich, Anastasis Giannousakis, Chen Chris Gong, Markus Haller, Robin Hasse, Jerome Hilaire, Johanna Hoppe, David Klein, Johannes Koch, Alexander Körner, Katarzyna Kowalczyk, Elmar Kriegler, Antoine Levesque, Alexander Lorenz, Sylvie Ludig, Michael Lüken, Aman Malik, Rahel Mandaroux, Susanne Manger, Anne Merfort, Leon Merfort, Simón Moreno-Leiva, Ioanna Mouratiadou, Adrian Odenweller, Michaja Pehl, Mika Pflüger, Franziska Piontek, Laura Popin, Sebastian Rauner, Oliver Richters, Renato Rodrigues, Niklas Roming, Marianna Rottoli, Eva Schmidt, Christof Schötz, Felix Schreyer, Anselm Schultes, Björn Sörgel, Falko Ueckerdt, Philipp Verpoort, Pascal Weigmann

How to cite

Luderer G, Bauer N, Baumstark L, Bertram C, Leimbach M, Pietzcker R, Strefler J, Aboumahboub T, Abrahão G, Auer C, Benke F, Bi S, Dietrich J, Dirnaichner A, Fuchs S, Führlich P, Giannousakis A, Gong C, Haller M, Hasse R, Hilaire J, Hoppe J, Klein D, Koch J, Körner A, Kowalczyk K, Kriegler E, Levesque A, Lorenz A, Ludig S, Lüken M, Malik A, Mandaroux R, Manger S, Merfort A, Merfort L, Moreno-Leiva S, Mouratiadou I, Odenweller A, Pehl M, Pflüger M, Piontek F, Popin L, Rauner S, Richters O, Rodrigues R, Roming N, Rottoli M, Schmidt E, Schötz C, Schreyer F, Schultes A, Sörgel B, Ueckerdt F, Verpoort P, Weigmann P (2023). “REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development - Version 3.2.0.” <URL: https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/transformation-pathways/models/remind>.

Bibtex format

@Misc{,
  title = {REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development - Version 3.2.0},
  author = {Gunnar Luderer and Nico Bauer and Lavinia Baumstark and Christoph Bertram and Marian Leimbach and Robert Pietzcker and Jessica Strefler and Tino Aboumahboub and Gabriel Abrahão and Cornelia Auer and Falk Benke and Stephen Bi and Jan Dietrich and Alois Dirnaichner and Sophie Fuchs and Pascal Führlich and Anastasis Giannousakis and Chen Chris Gong and Markus Haller and Robin Hasse and Jerome Hilaire and Johanna Hoppe and David Klein and Johannes Koch and Alexander Körner and Katarzyna Kowalczyk and Elmar Kriegler and Antoine Levesque and Alexander Lorenz and Sylvie Ludig and Michael Lüken and Aman Malik and Rahel Mandaroux and Susanne Manger and Anne Merfort and Leon Merfort and Simón Moreno-Leiva and Ioanna Mouratiadou and Adrian Odenweller and Michaja Pehl and Mika Pflüger and Franziska Piontek and Laura Popin and Sebastian Rauner and Oliver Richters and Renato Rodrigues and Niklas Roming and Marianna Rottoli and Eva Schmidt and Christof Schötz and Felix Schreyer and Anselm Schultes and Björn Sörgel and Falko Ueckerdt and Philipp Verpoort and Pascal Weigmann},
  date = {2023-04-21},
  year = {2023},
  url = {https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/transformation-pathways/models/remind},
}

Citation File Format

cff-version: 1.0.3
message: If you use this model, please cite it as below.
authors:
- family-names: Luderer
  given-names: Gunnar
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9057-6155
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Bauer
  given-names: Nico
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0211-4162
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Baumstark
  given-names: Lavinia
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6979-6671
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Bertram
  given-names: Christoph
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0933-4395
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Leimbach
  given-names: Marian
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Pietzcker
  given-names: Robert
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-6711
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Strefler
  given-names: Jessica
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5279-4629
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Aboumahboub
  given-names: Tino
- family-names: Abrahão
  given-names: Gabriel
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0336-6246
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Auer
  given-names: Cornelia
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Benke
  given-names: Falk
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Bi
  given-names: Stephen
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Dietrich
  given-names: Jan
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4309-6431
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Dirnaichner
  given-names: Alois
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3240-2608
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Fuchs
  given-names: Sophie
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7258-1287
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Führlich
  given-names: Pascal
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-8239
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Giannousakis
  given-names: Anastasis
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4225-0011
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Gong
  given-names: Chen Chris
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6406-6266
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Haller
  given-names: Markus
- family-names: Hasse
  given-names: Robin
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1818-3186
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Hilaire
  given-names: Jerome
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9879-6339
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Hoppe
  given-names: Johanna
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Klein
  given-names: David
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Koch
  given-names: Johannes
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Körner
  given-names: Alexander
- family-names: Kowalczyk
  given-names: Katarzyna
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Kriegler
  given-names: Elmar
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Levesque
  given-names: Antoine
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Lorenz
  given-names: Alexander
- family-names: Ludig
  given-names: Sylvie
- family-names: Lüken
  given-names: Michael
- family-names: Malik
  given-names: Aman
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-8448
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Mandaroux
  given-names: Rahel
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5596-2571
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Manger
  given-names: Susanne
- family-names: Merfort
  given-names: Anne
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5929-7748
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Merfort
  given-names: Leon
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1704-6892
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Moreno-Leiva
  given-names: Simón
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-3955
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Mouratiadou
  given-names: Ioanna
- family-names: Odenweller
  given-names: Adrian
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-8124
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Pehl
  given-names: Michaja
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Pflüger
  given-names: Mika
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7814-8916
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Piontek
  given-names: Franziska
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Popin
  given-names: Laura
- family-names: Rauner
  given-names: Sebastian
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Richters
  given-names: Oliver
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-4716
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Rodrigues
  given-names: Renato
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5863-5514
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Roming
  given-names: Niklas
- family-names: Rottoli
  given-names: Marianna
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Schmidt
  given-names: Eva
- family-names: Schötz
  given-names: Christof
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3528-4544
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Schreyer
  given-names: Felix
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-2599
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Schultes
  given-names: Anselm
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Sörgel
  given-names: Björn
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2630-7081
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Ueckerdt
  given-names: Falko
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Verpoort
  given-names: Philipp
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1319-5006
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Weigmann
  given-names: Pascal
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8801-173X
  affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
title: REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development
version: 3.2.0
date-released: '2023-04-21'
repository-code: https://github.com/remindmodel/remind
keywords:
- energy
- economy
- modeling
license: AGPL-3.0-or-later
url: https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/transformation-pathways/models/remind

REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development

3.2.0

REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development

Naming conventions:

Prefixes:

Commenting:

Sets

Equations:

Other general rules:

Configuration - Settings for Scenarios:

MODULES

SWITCHES

FLAGS

Authors

How to cite

Bibtex format

Citation File Format

References