REMIND is a global multi-regional model incorporating the economy, the climate system and a detailed representation of the energy sector. It solves for an intertemporal Pareto optimum in economic and energy investments in the model regions, fully accounting for interregional trade in goods, energy carriers and emissions allowances. REMIND enables analyses of technology options and policy proposals for climate change mitigation.
The macro-economic core of REMIND is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which intertemporal global welfare is optimized subject to equilibrium constraints (02_welfare). Intertemporal optimization (80_optimization) with perfect foresight is subject to market clearing. The model explicitly represents trade in final goods, primary energy carriers, and when certain climate policies are enabled, emissions allowances (24_trade). The macro-economic production factors are capital, labor, and final energy. A nested production function with constant elasticity of substitution determines the final energy demand (01_macro, 29_CES_parameters). REMIND uses economic output for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as for consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.
The macro-economic core and the energy system part are hard-linked via the final energy demand and the costs incurred by the energy system. Economic activity results in demand for final energy in different sectors (transport (35_transport), industry (37_industry), buildings (36_buildings)…) and of different type (electric (32_power) and non-electric). The primary energy carriers in REMIND include both exhaustible and renewable resources. Exhaustible resources comprise uranium as well as three fossil resources (31_fossil), namely coal, oil, and gas. Renewable resources include hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass (30_biomass). More than 50 technologies are available for the conversion of primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy.
The model accounts for the full range of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which are represented by source. REMIND simulates emissions from long-lived GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O), short-lived GHGs (CO, NOx, VOC) and aerosols (SO2, BC, OC). It accounts for these emissions with different levels of detail depending on the types and sources of emissions. It calculates CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, CH4 emissions from fossil fuel extraction and residential energy use, and N2O emissions from energy supply based on sources.
The code is structured in a modular way, with code belonging either to the model’s core, or to one of the modules. The folder structure is as follows: at the top level are the folders config, core, modules and scripts. The config folder contains the REMIND settings and configuration information. The core folder contains all the files that are part of the core. The modules folder holds all the files that belong to the modules, with numbered sub-folders for every module. The scripts folder contains helpful scripts for starting a model run and analysing results.
REMIND is run by executing the main.gms file, which loads the configuration information and builds the model, by concatenating all necessary files from the core and modules folders into a single file called full.gms. The concatenation process starts with files from the core and continues with files from activated modules, in increasing order of module-number. It observes the following structure:
The GAMS code follows a naming etiquette based on the following prefixes:
These prefixes are extended in some cases by a second letter:
Sets are treated differently: instead of a prefix, sets exclusively used within a module get that module’s number added as a suffix. If the set is used in more than one module no suffix is given.
The units (e.g., TWa, EJ, GtC, GtCO2, …) of variables and parameters are documented in the declaration files.
For the labels of parameters, scalars and set, use double quotes only.
Gunnar Luderer, Nico Bauer, Lavinia Baumstark, Christoph Bertram, Marian Leimbach, Robert Pietzcker, Jessica Strefler, Tino Aboumahboub, Gabriel Abrahão, Cornelia Auer, Falk Benke, Stephen Bi, Jan Dietrich, Alois Dirnaichner, Anastasis Giannousakis, Chen Chris Gong, Markus Haller, Robin Hasse, Jerome Hilaire, Johanna Hoppe, David Klein, Johannes Koch, Alexander Körner, Katarzyna Kowalczyk, Elmar Kriegler, Antoine Levesque, Alexander Lorenz, Sylvie Ludig, Michael Lüken, Aman Malik, Susanne Manger, Anne Merfort, Leon Merfort, Simón Moreno-Leiva, Ioanna Mouratiadou, Adrian Odenweller, Michaja Pehl, Franziska Piontek, Laura Popin, Sebastian Rauner, Oliver Richters, Renato Rodrigues, Niklas Roming, Marianna Rottoli, Eva Schmidt, Christof Schötz, Felix Schreyer, Anselm Schultes, Björn Sörgel, Falko Ueckerdt, Philipp Verpoort, Pascal Weigmann
Luderer G, Bauer N, Baumstark L, Bertram C, Leimbach M, Pietzcker R, Strefler J, Aboumahboub T, Abrahão G, Auer C, Benke F, Bi S, Dietrich J, Dirnaichner A, Giannousakis A, Gong C, Haller M, Hasse R, Hilaire J, Hoppe J, Klein D, Koch J, Körner A, Kowalczyk K, Kriegler E, Levesque A, Lorenz A, Ludig S, Lüken M, Malik A, Manger S, Merfort A, Merfort L, Moreno-Leiva S, Mouratiadou I, Odenweller A, Pehl M, Piontek F, Popin L, Rauner S, Richters O, Rodrigues R, Roming N, Rottoli M, Schmidt E, Schötz C, Schreyer F, Schultes A, Sörgel B, Ueckerdt F, Verpoort P, Weigmann P (2022). “REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development - Version 3.0.0.” <URL: https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/transformation-pathways/models/remind>.
@Misc{,
title = {REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development - Version 3.0.0},
author = {Gunnar Luderer and Nico Bauer and Lavinia Baumstark and Christoph Bertram and Marian Leimbach and Robert Pietzcker and Jessica Strefler and Tino Aboumahboub and Gabriel Abrahão and Cornelia Auer and Falk Benke and Stephen Bi and Jan Dietrich and Alois Dirnaichner and Anastasis Giannousakis and Chen Chris Gong and Markus Haller and Robin Hasse and Jerome Hilaire and Johanna Hoppe and David Klein and Johannes Koch and Alexander Körner and Katarzyna Kowalczyk and Elmar Kriegler and Antoine Levesque and Alexander Lorenz and Sylvie Ludig and Michael Lüken and Aman Malik and Susanne Manger and Anne Merfort and Leon Merfort and Simón Moreno-Leiva and Ioanna Mouratiadou and Adrian Odenweller and Michaja Pehl and Franziska Piontek and Laura Popin and Sebastian Rauner and Oliver Richters and Renato Rodrigues and Niklas Roming and Marianna Rottoli and Eva Schmidt and Christof Schötz and Felix Schreyer and Anselm Schultes and Björn Sörgel and Falko Ueckerdt and Philipp Verpoort and Pascal Weigmann},
date = {2022-07-01},
year = {2022},
url = {https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/transformation-pathways/models/remind},
}cff-version: 1.0.3
message: If you use this model, please cite it as below.
authors:
- family-names: Luderer
given-names: Gunnar
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9057-6155
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Bauer
given-names: Nico
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0211-4162
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Baumstark
given-names: Lavinia
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6979-6671
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Bertram
given-names: Christoph
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0933-4395
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Leimbach
given-names: Marian
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Pietzcker
given-names: Robert
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-6711
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Strefler
given-names: Jessica
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5279-4629
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Aboumahboub
given-names: Tino
- family-names: Abrahão
given-names: Gabriel
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0336-6246
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Auer
given-names: Cornelia
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Benke
given-names: Falk
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Bi
given-names: Stephen
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Dietrich
given-names: Jan
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4309-6431
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Dirnaichner
given-names: Alois
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3240-2608
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Giannousakis
given-names: Anastasis
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4225-0011
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Gong
given-names: Chen Chris
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6406-6266
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Haller
given-names: Markus
- family-names: Hasse
given-names: Robin
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1818-3186
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Hilaire
given-names: Jerome
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9879-6339
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Hoppe
given-names: Johanna
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Klein
given-names: David
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Koch
given-names: Johannes
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Körner
given-names: Alexander
- family-names: Kowalczyk
given-names: Katarzyna
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Kriegler
given-names: Elmar
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Levesque
given-names: Antoine
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Lorenz
given-names: Alexander
- family-names: Ludig
given-names: Sylvie
- family-names: Lüken
given-names: Michael
- family-names: Malik
given-names: Aman
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Manger
given-names: Susanne
- family-names: Merfort
given-names: Anne
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5929-7748
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Merfort
given-names: Leon
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1704-6892
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Moreno-Leiva
given-names: Simón
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-3955
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Mouratiadou
given-names: Ioanna
- family-names: Odenweller
given-names: Adrian
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-8124
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Pehl
given-names: Michaja
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Piontek
given-names: Franziska
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Popin
given-names: Laura
- family-names: Rauner
given-names: Sebastian
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Richters
given-names: Oliver
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-4716
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Rodrigues
given-names: Renato
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5863-5514
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Roming
given-names: Niklas
- family-names: Rottoli
given-names: Marianna
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Schmidt
given-names: Eva
- family-names: Schötz
given-names: Christof
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3528-4544
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Schreyer
given-names: Felix
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-2599
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Schultes
given-names: Anselm
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Sörgel
given-names: Björn
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2630-7081
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Ueckerdt
given-names: Falko
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Verpoort
given-names: Philipp
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1319-5006
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- family-names: Weigmann
given-names: Pascal
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8801-173X
affiliation: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
title: REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development
version: 3.0.0
date-released: '2022-07-01'
repository-code: https://github.com/remindmodel/remind
keywords:
- energy
- economy
- modeling
license: AGPL-3.0-or-later
url: https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/transformation-pathways/models/remind